Vim li cas Kyiv niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog? Xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kyiv. Keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus

Cov txheej txheem:

Vim li cas Kyiv niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog? Xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kyiv. Keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus
Vim li cas Kyiv niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog? Xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kyiv. Keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus
Anonim

Kyiv yog lub peev ntawm Ukraine, ib lub nroog loj tshaj plaws. Nws keeb kwm rov qab los tsawg kawg ib txhiab ob puas xyoo. Raws li keeb kwm, nws tau tsim los ntawm peb tus kwv tij thiab tus muam. Peb tab tom tham txog Kiya, Shchek, Khoriv, thiab Lybid. Kab lus yuav qhia txog lub sijhawm thaum ntxov hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kyiv. Pib los ntawm nws lub hauv paus thiab mus txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm fragmentation ntawm Russia. Thiab cov lus nug ntawm leej twg hais tias: "Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab nroog" kuj yuav raug txiav txim siab.

Keeb kwm thiab etymological reference

Monument rau cov founders
Monument rau cov founders

Ua ntej piav qhia vim li cas Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog, ib tus yuav tsum pib nrog nws lub hauv paus thiab cov qauv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe. Raws li archaeological excavations qhia, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tam sim no cheeb tsam Kyiv twb txog kaum tsib mus rau nees nkaum txhiab xyoo dhau los. Raws li rau lub xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kyiv, hnub tseeb tsis paub rau historians.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe, ces nwstsis muaj lus piav qhia meej. Raws li nws tau hais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, lub npe ntawm lub nroog txuas nrog lub npe ntawm nws tus tsim. Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, yos rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 12th, hais tias peb tus kwv tij thiab ib tug muam tau tsim ib qho kev sib hais haum uas yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm pawg neeg Glade, hu ua tus laus, Kiy. Tom qab ntawd lub nroog muaj ib tug pej thuam thiab ib lub tsev hais plaub loj.

Quar and Kiyane

Cov ntawv sau "History of Taron", sau los ntawm Armenian tus sau Zenob Glak, qhia txog kev tsim ntawm Kuar (uas yog, Kyiv) hauv lub tebchaws ntawm polun (uas yog, glade) pawg neeg los ntawm peb cov kwv tij. Lawv lub npe yog Kuar, Mentei, Kherean.

Tseem muaj ib tug nrov version. Nws txo cov etymology ntawm lub npe rau lo lus "kiyans", los yog "kiyans". Cov no yog thawj cov neeg nyob hauv uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev hla tus dej Dnieper. Nws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug ntoo flooring rau ncej tsav mus rau hauv qab. Cov ncej no hu ua cues.

Achaeological excavations

Kawm cov lus nug ntawm vim li cas Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog, cia peb txuas ntxiv kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog los muab cov lus teb ntxaws. Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kyiv, cov kws tshawb fawb suav tsis pub tsawg dua 1200 xyoo, thiab hnub tim ntawm nws qhov kev tsim tsis tau tsim.

Archaeological excavations qhia tias nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub Dnieper nyob rau hauv lub 6th-7th centuries. twb muaj kev sib hais haum uas suav tau tias yog nroog. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom qhov seem ntawm lub tsev, fortifications, ceramics, Byzantine npib, thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th Kyiv yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Hungarians thiab Khazars, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm instability.

Tub huabtais Oleg

Nestorovakeeb kwm
Nestorovakeeb kwm

Nyob ib nrab ntawm lub 9th c. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg Varangian tau txiav txim rau hauv av hauv Kyiv - Askold thiab Dir. Feem ntau, lawv yog cov tswv cuab ntawm Rurik pab pawg thiab tso cov nyom los ntawm Khazar dependence. Thaum nws tus kheej kav nyob rau hauv Novgorod av mus txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 879. Tom qab ntawd, lub hwj chim dhau mus rau Oleg, uas yog regent nyob rau hauv Igor, tus tub hluas thiab txais tau txais ntawm Rurik.

Hauv 882, Oleg los ntawm Novgorod tau mus tawm tsam Kyiv. Nws tuav lub hwj chim los ntawm kev tua Dir thiab Askold. Tom qab ntawd, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Kyiv thiab Novgorod los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg tau tshwm sim. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ua pov thawj, thawj lub nroog no tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev koom ua ke. Thiab tam sim no cia peb mus ncaj qha rau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab nroog.

Zaj lus tim khawv ntawm Chronicler

Cia peb tig rov los rau hauv Lavxias teb sab chronicle "Cov Dab Neeg Bygone Xyoo". Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nws tau muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Nws muaj lwm lub npe thiab. Nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, peb tab tom tham txog "Cov Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm", lwm qhov kev xaiv yog "Nestor Chronicle". Nws ntseeg hais tias nws tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm Nestor, ib tug hauj sam ntawm Kiev Qhov tsua Monastery.

Raws li nws cov lus tim khawv, 822 yog xyoo uas Kiev tau tshaj tawm tias leej niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog. Cov kab lus no tau hais los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg tom qab nws tuav lub hwj chim hauv nws. Raws li kev kawm ntawv DS Likhachev, nws yog ib tug semantic luam, uas yog, ib tug qiv los ntawm literal translation ntawm lo lus "metropolis" - "niam lub nroog". Los ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub Μήτηρ yog txhais ua "niam", thiab πόλις txhais tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li "lub nroog".

Yog li, raws li Nestor, Oleg tshaj tawm tias Kyiv tau los ua lub peev ntawm cov khoom uas nws tau los ua vajntxwv. Tus sau phau ntawv keeb kwm tau koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Kiev Caves Monastery. Nws cov novices yog cov ntseeg ntawm Byzantine kev lig kev cai, uas lawv nruj me ntsis ua raws li. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg kawm ntawv tau siv lo lus xws li "metropolis", uas txhais tau tias "niam ntawm lub nroog."

Hnub no lo lus no tau nkag siab tias yog lub xeev uas muaj cov cheeb tsam, thaj chaw nyob sab nraum lawv ciam teb. Lawv nyob ntawm niam lub teb chaws thiab raug siv los ntawm nws. Cov Greeks thaum ub muaj metropolises, uas yog, lub nroog-xeev uas muaj lawv tus kheej thaj chaw nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws, cov barbarians.

Txog hnub ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov lus nug, nws ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus pom zoo tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm Eastern Slavs yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lawv. Nws muab lub zog rau kev tsim lub xeev muaj zog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe.

Accession of land

Plaub puas lub tuam tsev
Plaub puas lub tuam tsev

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev nce qib ntawm kev tsim ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kyiv. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog archaeological excavations ua nyob rau hauv Podil, nyob rau hauv lub Upper Town, Pechersk, nyob rau Kirillovskaya Gora. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov pej xeem hauv nroog tau nce sai. Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov neeg tuaj txog los ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Russia. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Oleg, lub cheeb tsam inhabited los ntawm lub Drevlyans tau annexed rau cov av ntawm Kievan Rus,Northerners, Tivertsy, Ulichi, Radimichi, Krivichi thiab Novgorod Slavs.

Thaum muaj ib qho kev sib tw hauv thaj chaw nyob sib ze, tus huab tais tuag. Igor, uas pib kav tom qab nws, nyob rau hauv 914 tau ua ib qho kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Drevlyans, uas nrhiav kev tawm ntawm Kyiv. Nyob rau hauv 941, nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm kev lag luam, nws tau teeb tsa kev sib tw tawm tsam Byzantium. Kev ua tub rog loj thiab ntau qhov kev ua tub rog tau thov kom siv cov peev txheej loj. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom plig los ntawm cov av uas tau kov yeej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hauv 945 tau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Drevlyans uas tua Igor.

Kyiv as a capital in the 9th-12th centuries

Kev cai raus dej ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Vladimir
Kev cai raus dej ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Vladimir

Txij li thaum Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg tau ntes Kyiv thiab mus txog rau lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 13th. Lub nroog no yog lub peev ntawm Russia. Kev lig kev cai, cov princes "sab" nyob rau hauv nws tuav supremacy tshaj lub rulers ntawm lwm lub teb chaws Russia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub rooj Kiev ua lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw hauv dynasties. Nyob rau hauv 968, lub nroog tiv thaiv ib tug siege los ntawm lub Pechenegs, uas tau pab los ntawm zoo-fortified outposts. Ntawm cov no, Vyshgorod yog qhov loj tshaj plaws.

Hauv 988, ntawm kev coj ntawm Prince Vladimir, kev cai raus dej ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog tau tshwm sim hauv tus dej Dnieper. Russia tau los ua ib lub xeev ntseeg. Lub Kyiv Metropolis tau tsim, uas kav mus txog rau 1458. Nyob rau hauv 990, lawv pib tsim thawj lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv 1240, nws raug rhuav tshem los ntawm hordes ntawm Batu, uas tawm tsam Kyiv. Raws li "Tale of Bygone Years" ua tim khawv, nyob rau hauv 1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. ib lub tsev teev ntuj ntseeg uas teev hawm tus yaj saub Eliyas ua haujlwm hauv lub nroog.

Nyob rau hauv huab tais huab tais Vladimir, lub nroogkev tsim kho, suav nrog cov tsev nyob. Kyiv yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm cov av teej tug mus rau tus huab tais. Lawv muaj lub palace. Lub nroog ntawm Vladimir, nrog thaj tsam li ntawm 10 hectares, yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug earthen rampart thiab ib tug moat. Tom qab ntawd Kyiv muaj kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nws cov neeg koom tes suav nrog Byzantine Empire, Eastern thiab Scandinavian lub teb chaws, thiab Western Europe.

Kev tua neeg ntawm Boris thiab Gleb

Askold thiab Dir
Askold thiab Dir

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Vladimir nyob rau hauv 1015, kev tsov rog internecine tau tshwm sim rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Kyiv. Raws li lub official version, nws cov tub Boris thiab Gleb raug tua los ntawm Svyatopolk tus neeg raug txim, uas yog lawv tus tij laug. Lawv tau los ua thawj tus neeg ntseeg hauv Lavxias, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Russia thiab Lavxias tus thawj coj.

Txawm li cas los xij, Svyatoslav raug swb los ntawm tus kwv thib plaub, uas yog Yaroslav tus Txawj Ntse. Tau poob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tshwm sim ze Lyubech, nws (Svyatoslav) poob nws txoj kev kav hauv Kyiv. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm tus huab tais exile, tus huab tais Polish Boleslav kuv tau tsiv mus rau lub peev thiab kov yeej cov tub rog uas tau txib los ntawm Yaroslav lub Wise ntawm tus dej kab laum. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ntawm Kiev tsis lees txais tus tub huabtais tshiab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam uas tshwm sim hauv 1018, lub zwm txwv tau rov qab los rau Yaroslav. Kawm paub vim li cas Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm cov nroog Lavxias, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hais txog nws "lub hnub nyoog kub".

Lub nroog Yaroslav

Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav the Wise

Nrog nws, "hnub nyoog kub" pib ntawm no. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th c. Kyiv yog ib qho loj heev tsim, qhov loj ntawm uas tau nce. Nws muaj 400 lub tuam tsev thiab 8 lub khw. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, nws twb raug hu ua ib tug rival ntawm Constantinople. Ntxiv nrog rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus huab tais nws tus kheej, muaj txog kaum lub tshav puamLwm tus neeg digitaries.

Los ntawm "Cov Lus Nug Bygone Xyoo" paub tias lub nroog Yaroslav muaj thaj tsam ntawm ntau tshaj rau caum hectares. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug moat uas muaj dej thiab muaj ib tug tob ntawm kaum ob meters. Ib tug siab ncej los ze nws, qhov ntev yog sib npaug rau peb thiab ib nrab kilometers. Nws qhov dav ntawm lub hauv paus yog peb caug meters. Qhov siab, ua ke nrog lub palisade, mus txog kaum rau meters.

Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Ntsujplig

lub tuam tsev qub
lub tuam tsev qub

Nws yog lub sijhawm thaum Yaroslav the Wise txiav txim siab tias St. Sophia Cathedral tau tsim, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau cov frescoes thiab mosaics. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws yog daim duab ntawm Virgin Oranta. Xyoo 1051, Kiev tub huabtais tau sau cov npis sov hauv St. Sophia Cathedral, qhov chaw Metropolitan Hilarion raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Yog li, kev lees paub kev ywj pheej los ntawm Byzantium tau tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, yawg Anthony ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab nws tus thwjtim Theodosius tau tsim lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Tus tub ntawm Yaroslav the Wise, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav II, tau muab lub tsev teev ntuj ib lub toj siab saum lub qhov tsua. Tom qab ntawd, cov tuam tsev pob zeb, nplua nuj nrog cov duab kos, tau ua rau nws. Thiab tseem muaj fortress towers, hlwb, thiab lwm lub tsev. Cov npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm xws li chronicler Nestor thiab tus kws kos duab Alipiy yog ze ze nrog Lavra.

Tseem muaj xws li ib feem ntawm Kiev qub, uas tau hu ua lub nroog Izyaslav-Svyatopolk. Hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim, nws yog nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw. Nws qhov chaw yog Golden-Domed St. Michael's Monastery. Nyob rau hauv 1068, tom qab Izyaslav poob kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog lub Polovtsy nyob rau hauv lub Alta River, ib tug veche tau npaj tawm tsam nws.kev ua tau zoo. Nws raug yuam kom nkaum hauv Polotsk. Tom qab nws, Vseslav Bryachislavich tau nce lub zwm txwv ib ntus.

Nyob rau hauv xaus ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm lo lus nug ntawm vim li cas Kyiv yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab nroog, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab qhov pib ntawm feudal fragmentation pib.

Pom zoo: