Thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine tau nyob hauv cov neeg tsawg kawg 44 txhiab xyoo. Lub Pontic-Caspian steppe yog qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog Bronze. Ntawm no kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg Indo-European tau tshwm sim. Hauv tib Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Caspian steppes, tib neeg tamed tus nees.
Tom qab ntawd, cov Scythians thiab Sarmatians nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Crimea thiab Dnieper. Thaum kawg, cov av no tau nyob hauv Slavs. Lawv nrhiav tau lub xeev medieval ntawm Kievan Rus, uas poob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV, lub tebchaws Ukrainian tam sim no tau txiav txim los ntawm peb lub zog: Golden Horde, Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland. Tom qab ntawd, thaj chaw tau muab faib los ntawm lub zog xws li Crimean Khanate, Lub Tebchaws, Tebchaws Lavxias thiab Austria-Hungary.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX, ib qho kev ywj pheej Ukraine tshwm sim. Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws pib nrog kev sim tsim cov xeev ntawm UNR thiab ZUNR. Ces nws tau tsimUkrainian SSR nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Thiab thaum kawg, xyoo 1991, kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine tau tshaj tawm, lees paub ntawm lub tebchaws pov npav thiab lees paub los ntawm cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb.
Ancient keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine
Kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm keeb kwm qhia tau tias Neanderthals nyob hauv thaj av Northern Black Hiav Txwv thaum ntxov li 43-45 txhiab xyoo BC. Cov khoom uas yog Cro-Magnols tau pom nyob rau hauv Crimea. Lawv yog hnub tim 32 txhiab xyoo BC.
Thaum kawg ntawm Neolithic, Trypillia kab lis kev cai tau tshwm sim rau thaj av Ukrainian. Nws mus txog qhov kawg ntawm 4500-3000 BC.
Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau, cov pab pawg Dacian, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Romanians niaj hnub, dhau los ntawm cov steppes ntawm Northern Black Hiav Txwv. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg nomadic (Cimmerians, Scythians thiab Sarmatians) tau nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Ukraine. Keeb kwm ntawm cov pab pawg neeg no paub tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm archaeological sites, tab sis kuj los ntawm sau ntawv. Herodotus hais txog cov Scythians hauv nws cov ntawv sau. Cov Greeks nrhiav tau lawv cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv Crimea nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI BC.
Tom qab ntawd cov Goths thiab Huns tuaj txog ntawm Ukraine. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub III-V centuries AD. Cov pab pawg neeg Slavic tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua tsib.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 7, lub xeev ntawm Bulgars tau tshwm sim hauv Ukrainian steppes. Tab sis tsis ntev nws tawg thiab tau absorbed los ntawm Khazars. Cov neeg nomadic los ntawm Central Asia tau tsim ib lub tebchaws uas suav nrog thaj chaw loj - sab hnub poob Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Crimea, Don steppes thiab sab hnub tuaj Ukraine. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim thiab kev vam meej ntawm Khazar Khaganate yog sib txuas nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsimlub xeev ntawm Eastern Slavs. Nws paub tias lub npe ntawm kagan tau hnav los ntawm thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Kyiv.
Kievan Rus
Keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine ua ib lub xeev, raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, pib hauv 882. Nws yog thaum ntawd Kiev tau kov yeej los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg los ntawm Khazars thiab tau los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws loj. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev, lub glade, drevlyans, txoj kev, dawb Croats thiab lwm yam Slavic pab pawg neeg tau koom ua ke. Oleg nws tus kheej, raws li lub tswv yim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm, yog Varangian.
Hauv xyoo pua XI, Kievan Rus dhau los ua lub xeev loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe los ntawm thaj chaw. Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws thaj av feem ntau raug xaiv los ua Ruthenia. Lub npe Ukraine yog thawj zaug ntsib nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Nws txhais tau tias "av", "lub teb chaws".
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, thawj daim ntawv qhia ntawm Ukraine tau tshwm sim. Ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv lub npe no, Kyiv, Chernigov thiab Pereyaslav av yog qhia.
Kev saws los ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev rhuav tshem ntawm Russia
Thawj cov thwjtim ntawm Tswv Yexus tau tshwm sim hauv Crimea yam tsawg kawg hauv lub xyoo pua IV. Cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau los ua kev ntseeg ntawm Kievan Rus hauv 988 ntawm kev pib ntawm Volodymyr lub Great. Thawj tus thawj coj ua kev cai raus dej hauv lub xeev yog nws pog, Ntxhais fuabtais Olga.
Thaum lub sijhawm kav Yaroslav the Wise, ib txheej ntawm txoj cai tau txais, hu ua "Lavxias Qhov Tseeb". Nws yog lub sij hawm ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws nom tswv hwj chim ntawm lub xeev Kyiv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Yaroslav, lub era ntawm fragmentation ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub teb chaws, feem ntau ua tsov ua rog nrog ib leeg, cov thawj coj pib.
Vladimir Monomakh tau sim ua kom rov ua kom muaj lub xeev tseem ceeb, tab sis nyob rau xyoo pua 12th Russia thaum kawg tau tawg. Kyiv thiab Galicia-Volyn tus thawj tswj hwm tau dhau los ua thaj chaw uas Ukraine tom qab sawv. Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Russia pib nrog kev nce ntawm lub nroog Suzdal, uas yog lub chaw nom tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm thaj av qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia. Tom qab ntawd, Moscow tau los ua lub peev ntawm cov cheeb tsam no. Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Polotsk tau los ua qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig uas lub tebchaws Belarusian tau tsim.
Xyoo 1240, Kyiv raug tshem tawm los ntawm Mongols thiab tau poob ib qho kev nom kev tswv ntev ntev.
Galicia-Volyn Principality
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev ntawm Ukraine, raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, pib hauv XII xyoo pua. Thaum cov thawj tswj hwm sab qaum teb poob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Golden Horde, ob lub zog Lavxias ywj pheej tseem nyob rau sab hnub poob nrog lawv cov peev hauv nroog Galich thiab Lodomir (tam sim no Vladimir-Volynsky). Tom qab lawv sib sau ua ke, Galicia-Volyn tus thawj tswj hwm tau tsim. Ntawm qhov siab ntawm nws lub hwj chim, nws suav nrog Wallachia thiab Bessarabia thiab tau nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub.
Nyob rau xyoo 1245, Pope Innocent IV tau tsa Prince Daniel ntawm Galicia thiab muab nws lub npe ntawm Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Russia. Lub sijhawm no, tus thawj tswj hwm tau ua tsov rog nyuaj tawm tsam Mongols. Tom qab Daniyee ntawm Galicia tuag nyob rau hauv 1264, nws tau hloov los ntawm nws tus tub Leo, uas tsiv lub nroog mus rau lub nroog ntawm Lvov. Tsis zoo li nws txiv, uas tau ua raws li kev nom kev tswv sab hnub poob, nws tau koom tes nrog Mongols, tshwj xeeb, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv kev koom tes nrog. Nogai Khan. Ua ke nrog nws cov phooj ywg Tatar, Leo invaded Poland. Nyob rau hauv 1280, nws yeej cov Hungarians thiab ntes ib feem ntawm Transcarpathia.
Tom qab Leo tuag, kev poob qis ntawm Galicia-Volyn thawj tswj hwm pib. Nyob rau hauv 1323, cov neeg sawv cev kawg ntawm cov ceg ntawm Rurik dynasty no tuag nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Mongols. Tom qab ntawd, Volyn tuaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm Lithuanian princes Gedeminovich, thiab Galicia poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Polish crown.
Rzeczpospolita
Tom qab lub Union ntawm Lublin, cov av Ruthenian tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland. Lub sijhawm no, keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine ua ib lub xeev cuam tshuam, tab sis nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Ukrainian lub tebchaws tau tsim. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Poles-Catholics thiab Ruthenians-Orthodox maj mam ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg.
Cossacks
Cov Nceeg Vaj tau txaus siab tiv thaiv lawv cov ciam teb sab hnub tuaj los ntawm Ottoman Empire thiab nws cov vassals. Rau cov laj thawj no, Cossacks tau zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv tsis tsuas yog tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Crimean khas, tab sis kuj koom nrog kev tsov rog ntawm Tebchaws Meskas nrog Moscow lub nceeg vaj.
Txawm hais tias cov tub rog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Cossacks, Polish gentry tsis kam muab lawv txoj cai tseem ceeb, sim hloov pauv feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian rau hauv serfs. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev tawm tsam.
Thaum kawg, xyoo 1648, kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej tau pib nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm Ukraine tau nkag mus rau theem tshiab. Lub xeev ntawm Hetmanate uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm peb lub zog:Ottoman Empire, Lub Tebchaws thiab Muscovy. Ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua nom tswv tau pib.
Xyoo 1654, Zaporozhian Cossacks tau pom zoo nrog Moscow Tsar. Poland sim rov qab tswj hwm thaj chaw uas ploj lawm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab nrog Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau muaj kev tsov rog ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Muscovy. Nws xaus nrog kev kos npe ntawm Andrusov Treaty, raws li Hetmanate tau muab rau Moscow.
Raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab Austria-Hungary
Cov keeb kwm ntxiv ntawm Ukraine, uas nws thaj chaw tau faib los ntawm ob lub xeev, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce siab hauv lub tebchaws ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg txawj ntse.
Lub sijhawm no, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thaum kawg rhuav tshem Crimean Khanate thiab ntxiv nws thaj chaw. Tseem muaj peb partitions ntawm Poland. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm nws cov av nyob hauv Ukrainians yog ib feem ntawm Russia. Galicia thim rov qab rau Austrian Emperor.
Ntau tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias, kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov thawj coj ntawm 18th-19th centuries muaj Ukrainian keeb kwm. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Nikolai Gogol thiab Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Tsis zoo li Russia, nyob rau hauv Galicia yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg tseem ceeb muaj xws li Austrian thiab Poles, thiab Rusyns feem ntau yog neeg peasants.
National Revival
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIX nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe pib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua kev txhawb siab ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm loj empires - Austrian, Lavxias teb sab thiab Ottoman. Ukraine tsis tau nyob deb ntawm cov tiam sis. Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm simLub zog rau kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws pib xyoo 1846 nrog kev tsim ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius Brotherhood. Tus kws sau paj lug Taras Shevchenko kuj yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum no. Tom qab ntawd, social-democratic thiab revolutionary tog tau tshwm sim uas tau tawm tsam kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukrainian av.
Thaum tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1848, Golovna Ruska Rada, thawj lub koom haum nom tswv ntawm Western Ukrainians, tau pib ua haujlwm hauv Lvov. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, Russophile thiab cov neeg nyiam Lavxias teb sab kev xav tau tswj hwm ntawm Galician cov neeg txawj ntse.
Yog li, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv nws cov ciam teb niaj hnub pib nrog kev yug los ntawm lub teb chaws oriented tog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog lawv uas tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej unified state.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I thiab kev tawg ntawm lub teb chaws vam meej
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog uas tau pib xyoo 1914 ua rau poob ntawm cov huab tais loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Cov neeg, uas tau ntau pua xyoo nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov muaj hwj chim loj, muaj txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab lawv tus kheej lub neej yav tom ntej.
Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 1917, Ukrainian People's Republic tau tsim. Thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 25, 1918, nws tau tshaj tawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm Russia. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Austro-Hungarian Empire poob. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 13, 1918, Western Ukrainian People's Republic tau tshaj tawm. Lub Ib Hlis 22, 1919, UNR thiab ZUNR tau sib sau ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev ntawm Ukraine yog deb ntawm dhau lawm. Lub hwj chim tshiab pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub epicenter ntawm pej xeem, thiab tom qab ntawd lub Soviet-Polish ua tsov ua rog, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim.poob kev ywj pheej.
USSR
Xyoo 1922, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist koom pheej tau tsim, uas tau los ua ib feem ntawm USSR. Txij li thaum lub Soviet Union tau tshwm sim mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, nws ranked thib ob ntawm cov koom pheej nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm economic hwj chim thiab kev nom kev tswv.
Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Ukraine thaum lub sijhawm no hloov ntau zaus. Xyoo 1939, Galicia thiab Volhynia raug xa rov qab. Xyoo 1940 - qee thaj chaw uas yav dhau los tau koom nrog Romania, thiab xyoo 1945 - Transcarpathia. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1954, Crimea tau annexed rau Ukraine. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nyob rau hauv 1924 lub Shakhtinsky thiab Taganrog koog tsev kawm ntawv tau pauv mus rau Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv 1940 Transnistria tau muab rau Moldavian SSR.
Tom qab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, Ukrainian SSR tau dhau los ua ib lub tebchaws tsim ntawm UN. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1989, cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws tau yuav luag 52 lab tus tib neeg.
Independence
Nrog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union xyoo 1991, Ukraine tau los ua ib lub xeev ywj pheej. Qhov no tau ua ntej los ntawm kev nce hauv kev xav ntawm patriotic. Lub Ib Hlis 21, 1990, peb puas txhiab tus neeg Ukrainians tau teeb tsa tib neeg cov saw hlau los ntawm Kyiv mus rau Lvov hauv kev txhawb nqa kev ywj pheej. Cov koom haum raws li lub teb chaws-patriotic txoj hauj lwm tau tsim. Ukraine tau dhau los ua kev cai lij choj ntawm Ukrainian SSR thiab UNR. UNR tsoom fwv-in-exile tau hloov nws lub hwj chim mus rau thawj tus thawj tswj hwm, Leonid Kravchuk.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine txij li thaum ub tau ua tiav nrog kev yeej zoo, tsis muaj kev swb, kev puas tsuaj loj, cov dab neeg txaus ntshai thiab kev ntxias.
