Ib tug me nyuam paub tias hlau yog nyiam rau hlau nplaum. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv feem ntau dai cov hlau nplaum ntawm lub qhov rooj hlau ntawm lub tub yees lossis cov ntawv nrog cov hlau nplaum ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj txuas ib rab diav rau cov hlau nplaum, yuav tsis muaj qhov ntxim nyiam. Tab sis rab diav kuj yog hlau, vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Yog li cia saib seb cov hlau twg tsis yog hlau nplaum.
Kev pom kev pom
txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov hlau twg tsis yog hlau nplaum, koj yuav tsum paub seb cov hlau feem ntau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas rau cov hlau nplaum thiab cov hlau nplaum. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov magnetic teb, tag nrho cov tshuaj muab faib ua diamagnets, paramagnets thiab ferromagnets.
Txhua lub atom muaj cov nucleus uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsis zoo rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lawv mus tas li, uas tsim ib qho chaw sib nqus. Cov chaw sib nqus ntawm cov electrons ntawm ib lub atom tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ib leeg lossis ua kom puas, nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tuaj yeem raug them nyiajbe:
- Magnetic moments tshwm sim los ntawm kev txav ntawm electrons txheeb ze rau lub nucleus yog orbital.
- Magnetic moments tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv axis - spin.
Yog tias txhua lub sijhawm sib nqus sib npaug sib npaug rau xoom, cov khoom raug xa mus rau cov duab kos. Yog tias tsuas yog lub sijhawm tig tau them nyiaj - rau paramagnets. Yog tias cov teb tsis tau them nyiaj - rau ferromagnets.
Paramagnets thiab ferromagnets
Xav txog rooj plaub thaum txhua lub atom ntawm cov teeb meem muaj nws tus kheej magnetic teb. Cov teb no yog multidirectional thiab them nyiaj rau ib leeg. Yog tias cov hlau nplaum muab tso rau ntawm ib sab ntawm cov khoom zoo li no, cov teb yuav raug coj mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Cov khoom yuav muaj qhov sib nqus, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom yuav raug nyiam rau cov hlau nplaum thiab nws tus kheej tuaj yeem sib nqus, uas yog, nws yuav nyiam lwm yam khoom siv hlau. Yog li, piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv hlau nplaum hauv tsev. Txhua tus yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab tus ncej zoo, thiab nws tseem yuav muaj peev xwm dai tag nrho cov saw ntawm daim ntawv clips ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Cov tshuaj no hu ua paramagnetic.
Ferromagnets yog ib pawg me me ntawm cov khoom uas nyiam cov hlau nplaum thiab yooj yim hlau nplaum txawm nyob hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj zog.
Diamagnets
Nyob rau hauv daim duab, cov magnetic teb nyob rau hauv txhua lub atom yog compensated. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thaum ib yam khoom yog nkag mus rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb, cov lus tsa suab ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teb yuav muab ntxiv rau qhov zoo ntawm electrons. Qhov kev txav ntawm electrons no yuav ua rauntxiv tam sim no, lub magnetic teb uas yuav raug coj tawm tsam sab nraud. Yog li ntawd, lub diamagnet yuav qaug zog los ntawm cov hlau nplaum nyob ze.
Yog li, yog peb mus txog cov lus nug uas cov hlau tsis yog hlau nplaum los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov lus teb yuav yog diamagnetic.
Kev faib cov paramagnets thiab diamagnets hauv Mendeleev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus
Cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov khoom yooj yim hloov pauv raws sijhawm nrog kev nce hauv cov lej ntawm cov khoom.
Cov khoom uas tsis nyiam cov hlau nplaum (diamagnets) feem ntau nyob rau lub sijhawm luv - 1, 2, 3. Cov hlau twg tsis yog hlau nplaum? Cov no yog lithium thiab beryllium, thaum sodium, magnesium thiab txhuas twb tau muab cais ua paramagnetic.
Cov khoom nyiam rau cov hlau nplaum (paramagnets) feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Mendeleev - 4, 5, 6, 7.
Txawm li cas los xij, 8 lub ntsiab lus kawg hauv txhua lub sijhawm ntev kuj yog cov duab kos.
Ntxiv rau, muaj peb lub ntsiab lus - carbon, oxygen thiab tin, cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov khoom sib txawv rau kev hloov pauv allotropic.
Ntxiv rau, 25 ntau cov tshuaj muaj npe hu ua, cov khoom sib nqus uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lawv cov xov tooj cua thiab nrawm nrawm lossis nyuaj rau kev sib xyaw.
Cov khoom sib nqus ntawm lanthanides thiab actinides (tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog hlau) hloov pauv tsis tu ncua. Ntawm lawv muaj ob qho tib si para- thiab diamagnets.
Lawv tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb hlau nplaum - chromium, manganese, hlau, cob alt, nickel,nws cov khoom hloov pauv tsis tu ncua.
Cov hlau twg tsis yog hlau nplaum: daim ntawv
Ferromagnetics, uas yog, cov hlau uas zoo sib nqus, tsuas muaj 9 hauv qhov no. Cov no yog hlau, cob alt, npib tsib xee, lawv cov alloys thiab cov tebchaw, nrog rau rau lanthanide hlau: gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium thiab thulium.
Hlau uas nyiam tsuas yog cov hlau nplaum muaj zog heev (paramagnets): txhuas, tooj liab, platinum, uranium.
Txij li thaum tsis muaj cov hlau nplaum loj hauv lub neej niaj hnub uas yuav nyiam cov hlau nplaum, thiab tsis muaj cov hlau lanthanide, peb tuaj yeem hais tias txhua yam hlau, tshwj tsis yog hlau, cob alt, npib tsib xee thiab lawv cov alloys, yuav tsis raug. nyiam cov hlau nplaum.
Yog li, cov hlau twg tsis sib nqus rau cov hlau nplaum:
- paramagnets: txhuas, platinum, chromium, magnesium, tungsten;
- diamagnets: tooj liab, kub, nyiaj, zinc, mercury, cadmium, zirconium.
Feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov hlau ferrous nyiam rau cov hlau nplaum, cov hlau tsis yog hlau tsis yog.
Yog peb tham txog cov hlau, hlau alloys yog hlau nplaum. Cov no suav nrog feem ntau steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Cov npib muaj nuj nqis kuj tuaj yeem nyiam cov hlau nplaum, vim lawv tsis yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis huv, tab sis ntawm cov hlau uas yuav muaj me me ntawm ferromagnet. Tab sis cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis huv yuav tsis nyiam rau cov hlau nplaum.
Cov hlau twg tsis xeb lossis hlau nplaum? Cov no yog cov zaub mov zoo tib yam qib stainless hlau, khoom kub thiab nyiaj.
