Ntau xyoo dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntshav ntawm tib neeg, thaum haiv neeg Aryan thiab cov lus sib raug zoo tsis nyiam cov pej xeem ntau dhau. Qee lub sij hawm dhau mus, thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Oppert suab lub tswv yim hais tias cov lus Aryan muaj nyob, tab sis tsis muaj haiv neeg zoo li no. Nws yog dab tsi?
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Hnub no, ib txhia ntseeg hais tias Aryan yog ib lo lus uas yuav piav tau ib yam lus, thaum tsis muaj kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb nrog cov haiv neeg. Tag nrho cov lus zoo li no yuav tsum muaj tib lub hauv paus, tab sis cov neeg uas hais lawv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntshav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau lees paub tias thaum xub thawj ib haiv neeg yuav tsum tau tshwm sim, uas tau pib siv nws. Nws yog nws uas tej zaum siv cov lus zoo li no los txog niaj hnub no. Nws yuav yog leej twg? Linguists, philologists, historians tau nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.
Ua ntej kev sib cais, cov Aryans, uas yog, cov neeg uas siv cov lus los ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European, tej zaum yog cov neeg yug yaj, coj txoj kev ua neej nyob, yog li ntawdkis thoob plaws thaj chaw loj. Maj mam cov neeg coob zuj zus tuaj, haiv neeg suav nrog cov pab pawg sib txawv. Cov lus Aryan tuaj rau lwm tus thiab hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm sib koom ua ke. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm archaeologists thiab anthropologists qhia tias tsawg kawg yog ob ntawm plaub European Neolithic haiv neeg tsis muaj feem xyuam nrog Aryans. Yog tias peb txheeb xyuas ob qho ntxiv, peb tuaj yeem xav tias Aryans yog tus hu ua luv-headed, uas nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.
Type and forms
Yog koj nug tus kws txhais lus dab tsi tam sim no hauv pawg Indo-European, nws yuav hais txog cuaj tsev neeg tseem ceeb. Cov no yog cov neeg Hindus thiab Greeks, Slavic thiab Lithuanian cov neeg, nrog rau cov neeg nyob hauv Armenia, Ltalis. Cov Celts, Teutons, Letts koom rau tib pab pawg. Yav tas los muaj ntau tsev neeg ntxiv lawm. Tau ntau pua xyoo, lawv tau ploj mus tag. Cov Thracians yog cov uas ploj lawm. Tsis muaj qhov piv txwv tsawg dua yog Dacians, Phrygians. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm qee tsev neeg yog nyob ze, yog li lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais rau 6 pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cuaj: Indo-Iranian, Lithuanian-Slavic, Celtic-Italic. Ntxiv rau lawv, Hellenes, Armenians, Teutons yog qhov txawv.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Sanskrit, Zenda tau pom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ob hom lus no. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xav tias muaj qee qhov kev tsim, feem ntau rau cov lus no, lus. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, nws tau xaiv Indo-Iranian. Cov kev tshawb fawb tom ntej ntawm Slavs ua pov thawj qhov ze ntawm Lithuanian cov lus thiab cov lusCov neeg Slavic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau hom lus ntawm Lithuanians thiab Teutonic dialect raug lees paub. Txoj kev kawm ntawm classical philological tej hauj lwm ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab tias yav tas los tsuas muaj ob hom ntaub ntawv hais txog Aryan lus. Nws tau raug pom zoo tias ob hom lus tseem ceeb rau cov classics (Latin, Greek) muaj feem xyuam nrog, cov lus ntawm cov kwv tij, uas muaj ntau qhov sib txuas. Cov kev suav no tam sim no pom muaj kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ntseeg hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm Celts thiab Italians. Tab sis cov lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg Greek los ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European, raws li cov lus qhia ntawm peb lub sijhawm, yog ze rau cov lus hais los ntawm Armenians, nrog rau Indo-Iranian.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab txhais
Yuav kom nkag siab yam lus twg yog Indo-European, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw uas tau tuav los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Iran thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov neeg nyob rau hauv cov av no hu lawv tus kheej "Arya", thiab nws yog los ntawm lo lus no lub npe "Aryan" raug tsim. Cov pab pawg Indo-Iranian yog ib ceg tshwj xeeb, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov lus, kab lus kab lus rau Iranian lus, Indo-Aryan. Rau cov lus no, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov piv ntawm lub suab yog yam ntxwv. Lub Vedas, Avesta, cuneiform tsab ntawv ntawm Persians thaum ub ua pov thawj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus uas niaj hnub no suav nrog hauv pawg Indo-European. Cov lus Indo-Iranian, uas tau dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm cov neeg tom qab, nws thiaj li faib ua ob ceg: Iranian, Indian. Yog li, cov lus proto-lus tshiab tau tshwm sim. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm tus kheej cov lus uas tom qab ntawd yuav paub rau peb.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg hais lusCov lus Indo-European, sim tsim ib lub tswv yim sib koom ua ke ntawm lub xeev kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg Indo-Iranian. Qhov no yog thawj zaug coj los ntawm Spiegel, uas yog lub npe hu ua tus thawj Iranist ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Nws tsim ib daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus yam ntxwv ntawm Indo-Iranian dialects. Feem ntau lawv yog siv los xa mus rau divine beings, cov duab los ntawm mythology, nrog rau kev ua tub rog. Qhov sib ze ntawm cov lus uas tsim pab pawg no yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas qhov kev xav thawj zaug yuav luag tsis raug thuam.
Ntau, me ntsis
Yuav kom nkag siab yam lus twg yog cov tsev neeg Indo-Iranian hauv tsev neeg Indo-European, ib tus yuav tsum tig mus rau thaj av sab hnub tuaj. Indo-European tsob ntoo ntawm cov lus yog ib qho tshwj xeeb, tsim loj heev, thiab Indo-Iranian tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws ntau ceg. Nws yog kev cai los faib rau Iranian, Indo-Aryan sub-branches. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, pawg Indo-Iranian tam sim no yog cov lus thaiv siv rau kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kwv yees li 850 lab tus tib neeg. Ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg uas tsim cov ntoo Indo-European, nws raug suav hais tias yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws.
Cov lus Indian siv niaj hnub no yog cov lus Indian tshiab. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv central Indian cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv yog cov feem ntau ntawm Pakistanis thiab Nepalese, lawv tau siv los piav qhia los ntawm Bangladeshis, cov neeg nyob hauv Maldives, Sri Lanka. Niaj hnub nimno linguists paub qhov nyuaj ntawm cov lus tam sim no nyob rau hauv xws li powers. Indian sab qab teb yog nyob los ntawm cov neeg uas hais lus sib txawv ntawm Indo-Aryan, ntawm nonrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab lawv siv cov lus uas tau muab rau pawg Dravidian. Cov lus Indian tshiab suav nrog Hindi, Urdu. Thawj yog siv los ntawm Hindus, qhov thib ob yog siv los ntawm Pakistanis thiab cov neeg nyob hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm Is Nrias teb. Kev sau ntawv Hindi yog raws li Devanagari system, tab sis rau adherents ntawm Urdu, Arabic cim thiab cov cai yog lub hauv paus rau kev sau ntawv.
sib txawv thiab tsis zoo
Ntawm linguists paub zoo tias hom lus ntawm pawg Indo-European nyob ze rau ib leeg. Tshwj xeeb, xav txog Hindi, Urdu, lawv nco ntsoov qhov zoo sib xws. Cov ntawv nyeem variants ntawm adverbs zoo sib xws yuav luag zoo li ob tee dej. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog daim ntawv xaiv rau kev sau cov lus. Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus hais ntawm cov lus, Hindustani raug ntsuas. Cov lus uas siv los ntawm Muslims yog yuav luag indistinguishable los ntawm uas hais los ntawm Hindus.
Bhili, Bengali, Nepali thiab ntau lwm tus suav nrog tib pab pawg lus. Cov lus tshiab Indian suav nrog tib tsev neeg suav nrog Romani. Nws tuaj yeem pom tsis tau tsuas yog hauv thaj chaw uas cov lus Indo-Aryan siv, tab sis kuj dhau ntawm nws ciam teb. Peb lub teb chaws yuav tsis muaj kev zam.
Keeb kwm keeb kwm
Cov lus Indo-European yog cov pab pawg qub uas koom ua ke coob tus neeg. Cov lus sau ntawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Indian yog qhov txawv los ntawm keeb kwm nplua nuj yav dhau los. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias feem ntau ancient version ntawm kev sau ntawv yog Vedic, cov lus ntawm lub Vedas. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm nws, raws li historians rau tej yam paub, uas dawb ceevnkauj, spells raug kaw. Nws yog siv los sau cov nkauj qhuas Vajtswv. Linguists muaj nuj nqis heev txog kev paub ntawm Rigveda, uas yog, Veda ntawm zaj nkauj. Cov khoom no tau tsim thawj zaug nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo ua ntej pib ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no.
Cov lus Vedic thaum kawg tau hloov los ntawm Sanskrit. Cov lus no muaj ob hom lus tseem ceeb. Lub epic tau siv los tsim Ramayana. Tib hom lus tau siv los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Mahabharata. Ob leeg paj huam muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb vim lawv loj loj. Tib yam Sanskrit tau siv los kho cov ntaub ntawv classical. Creations feem ntau voluminous. Lawv muaj ntau yam ntau yam. Kuj ceeb tias, txawm tias ua tau zoo heev. Cov lus ntawm Vedas, Sanskrit nyob rau hauv tag nrho, yog ib hom lus Indian thaum ub. Sanskrit sau ntawv sau thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua plaub ua ntej pib ntawm lub sij hawm tam sim no, tus sau phau ntawv yog Panini. Txog niaj hnub no, qhov kev tsim no yog ib qho qauv rau kev piav qhia hauv kev hais lus.
Sijhawm thiab qhov chaw
Cov lus Indo-European suav nrog tsis yog cov lus tshiab thiab qub. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv ntawm lub sijhawm teev yog Middle Indian. Muaj ntau cov lus qhia zoo li no. Lawv hu ua prakrits. Lo lus yog muab los ntawm lo lus "natural", sau ua Sanskrit. Nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, European explorers txaus siab thiab xav tsis thoob ntawm Sanskrit zoo, lus nruj thiab zoo nkauj heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj zaug, lawv pom tias nws muaj ntau npaum li cas nrog cov lus nyob sab Europe. Hauv ntau yam, nws yog cov kev soj ntsuam no uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.kev kawm lus. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab tau tshwm sim, mob siab rau kev sib piv ntawm cov lus sib txawv thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lawv cov kev hloov pauv thiab kev sib raug zoo, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm.
Iranian lus
Cov lus Indo-European thiab cov neeg Aryan kuj yog ib pab pawg lus Iranian. Ntawm tag nrho lwm cov pab pawg suav nrog hauv tsev neeg, cov Iranian yog cov neeg coob tshaj plaws. Xws li cov lus niaj hnub no tuaj yeem hnov tsis tau tsuas yog hauv Iran, tab sis kuj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Afghanistan, nrog rau cov Turks, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Indians. Cov lus Iranian tau hais los ntawm qee cov neeg ntawm Caucasus thiab Central Asian cov neeg nyob. Cov pab pawg Iranian koom ua ke tsis yog tsuas yog muaj coob tus ntawm cov kev xaiv nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus, tab sis kuj muaj ntau ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm, uas ploj lawm. Muaj cov uas sau ntawv, tab sis muaj cov uas lawv nqa tsis tau sau ntawv. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov lus qhia zoo li no, cov kws paub lus niaj hnub thiab cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov pov thawj tsis ncaj. Ntawm qhov txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb, txawm li cas los xij, yog cov lus sau, thiab feem ntau yog ib qho uas tau siv los kho Avesta, sau cov ntawv dawb ceev ntawm Zoroastrians, ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub paub cov lus no ua Avestan.
Los ntawm cov lus uas tsis paub sau ntawv, Scythian xav paub. Nws tau hais nyob rau hauv cov av uas nyob ib sab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub los ntawm sab qaum teb, nws kuj tau siv los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj av South Ukrainian niaj hnub. Scythian yav tas los siv los ntawm cov neeg Caucasian. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov lus tuag tawm txog ib thiab ib nrab xyoo dhau los. Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg, cov cuab yeej cuab tam lus tuaj yeem pom hauvCov neeg nyob hauv North Ossetia.
Ntawm cov neeg uas koom nrog Indo-European tsev neeg ntawm hom lus, cov Iranians tsim nyog mloog. Cov Iranians thaum ub yog Scythians thiab Sarmatians. Cov neeg no nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Slavic, tsis tu ncua nrog lawv cov neeg sawv cev. Qhov tshwm sim yog kev qiv nyiaj ntau. Ntawm lawv yog cov lus uas peb paub - lub tsev pheeb suab, ib tug axes. Los ntawm cov lus Aryan, cov ris tsho thiab khau boots tuaj rau peb raws li cov lus. Qhov tseeb tias Iranians nyob hauv thaj av ze ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub yog qhia los ntawm cov npe. Tshwj xeeb, nws yog lawv cov uas tuaj nrog lub npe Don, Danube. Ntawm no tuaj lub npe Dniester, Dnipro.
zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv
Linguist Schmidt, kawm cov lus Aryan thaum ub thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus, tuaj txog qhov xaus tias muaj ntau pua lo lus ntawm Indo-Iranian thiab Greek. Yog tias peb piv Latin nrog Greek, peb tuaj yeem pom 32 lo lus zoo sib xws. Xws li ib feem yog cov lus uas cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus dav dav los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev vam meej. Nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab tias lawv tuaj rau ob hom lus no los ntawm lwm qhov. Yog tias koj them sai sai rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus, koj tseem yuav tau lees paub tias cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb xws li nce ntxiv, ob npaug, aorist yog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm Indo-Iranian, Greek. Tib txoj kev ntawm kev hais lus no muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb tsis yog qhov kawg siab. Lub rau lub npe los saum ntuj los paub rau cov neeg Greek tau piav qhia zoo hauv Sanskrit, tab sis tsuas yog peb qhov muaj qhov sib xws nrog cov lus siv hauv Latin.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus hais txog Indo-European tsev neeg ntawm hom lus, haiv neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv lub neej, sau tseg hauvcov dialects, tso cai rau koj los sau cov yam ntxwv xav paub, zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus uas qhia txog cov khoom, qhov tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm cov neeg yug yaj, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob rau lub sijhawm uas qhov kev taw qhia no nyuam qhuav tsim, zoo ib yam li Latin thiab Greek lus. Tab sis cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tub rog yog qhov sib txawv hauv cov lus no. Cov lus siv los ntawm Greeks feem ntau sib txuam nrog Sanskrit, thaum cov Latin yog ze li sai tau rau cov neeg siv los ntawm Celts. Qee qhov kev txiav txim siab txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus ua raws los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov lej. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov Aryans paub tsuas yog ib tug qhab nia nyob rau hauv ib puas. Lo lus rau ib txhiab yog tib yam hauv Greeks, hauv Sanskrit, tab sis txawv hauv Latin. Latin, cov lus ntawm Celts, muaj ib lo lus zoo sib xws los piav txog ib txhiab. Hauv qhov no, muaj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus Germanic thiab ib qho siv los ntawm Lithuanians.
txhais li cas?
Raws li cov lus tseeb no, peb tuaj yeem xav tias Greek thiab Latin tau muab faib ntev dhau los. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib cais ntawm Latin thiab Lithuanian tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov. Tib lub sijhawm, Latin thiab cov lus ntawm Celts tau sib cais tsis ntev los no. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hnub lig lig, Indo-Iranian, Greek sib cais. Tsis ntev tas los no, pom tau tias muaj kev sib cais ntawm Lithuanians, Germanic haiv neeg.
History and travels
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tseeb tias pawg lus Aryan yog dab tsi, nws ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tig mus rau keeb kwm, uas tso cai rau peb nkag siab txog qhov twg cov pab pawg Indo-Iranian nyob hauv cov niaj hnub Lavxias sab qab teb. Piv txwv li, kev sib cais rau hauv nyias ceg tau tshwm sim hauv 5-4millennia ua ntej pib ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm B alts thiab Slavs tej zaum nyob ib sab ntawm lub qhov rooj rau cov Indo-Iranian haiv neeg. Thaum kawg ntawm lub thib plaub los yog pib ntawm peb txhiab xyoo BC, cov pab pawg neeg Indo-Iranian tau tsiv mus rau thaj av sab hnub tuaj, hla mus rau sab qaum teb ze ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub. Cov av Kuban tau ntxiv nrog Maikop kab lis kev cai, Novosvobodninsk tivthaiv tau tshwm sim, uas niaj hnub keeb kwm kuj koom nrog cov neeg Indo-Iranian. Qhov no yog tej zaum qhov twg kurgan kab lis kev cai los ntawm. Los ntawm sab qaum teb, cov neeg tau koom nrog B alts, uas nyob rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los tau nthuav dav dua li niaj hnub no. Qhov tseeb no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lo lus "Moscow" kuj muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm B alts.
Nyob rau xyoo pua thib ob BC, cov Aryans tau tsim cov cab cab hauv thaj chaw steppe mus txog thaj tsam Altai. Ib txhia ntseeg hais tias lawv tau muab faib mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Hauv thaj av yav qab teb lawv kis mus rau Afghanistan. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, kev nthuav tawm ntawm Andronovo Aryan lus thiab kab lis kev cai coj mus rau nws tau pom. Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb paub tias Arkaim thiab Sintashta yog qhov chaw ntawm Andronovo kab lis kev cai. Cov kab lis kev cai yog txuam nrog cov neeg Indo-Aryan, txawm hais tias qee qhov sib cav tias nws yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg Iranians. Qhov tseeb hypotheses hais tias xav txog Andronovites li peb ceg Aryan. Nco ntsoov, xws li ib lub teb chaws muaj nws tus kheej, radically txawv hom lus. Cov ceg no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom lus Iranian thiab zoo sib xws nrog Indo-Aryan dialects.
Kev kawm sau ntawv
Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau mob siab rau lawv tus kheej rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm pawg Aryan cov lus tau pom tias rau hom lus no, ib qho ntawm cov kev hloov pauv qub tshaj plaws hauv morphology yog qhov ua rau nws muaj peev xwm sawv tawm ntawm cov lus. Celts thiab Italians. Lub suab passive tshwm sim, cov kev xaiv tshiab rau kev xaiv lub neej yav tom ntej. Tsim cov grammatical tshiab ntawm kev xav txog yav dhau los zoo meej. Niaj hnub no linguists, philologists, soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, qhia hais tias cov Celto-Italic variants ntawm kev hais lus sawv tawm los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum lwm yam Aryan sib txawv ntawm kev sib tham tseem yog tib yam. Kev sib sau ntawm Celtic, Italian tsis pom tseeb li Slavic, Lithuanian, Indo-Iranian. Qhov no yog vim muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm cov lus Aryan, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov sib sib zog nqus sib sib zog nqus ntawm Celtic thiab Teutonic lus tshaj li Celts thiab Latin. Feem ntau qhov zoo sib xws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus txuam nrog cov phenomena ntawm kev vam meej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tsawg kawg ntawm ntau tau tshwm sim hauv morphology. Nws tau xav tias qhov no hais txog kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua nom ua tswv, ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw, thaum tsis qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke thaum ntxov.
Teutonic, Slavs thiab Lithuanians
Cov lus Aryan siv los ntawm cov neeg no muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus. Nws yog qhov ua tiav, txij li nws npog ob lo lus uas cuam tshuam txog kev vam meej tshwm sim thiab cov yam ntxwv grammatical. Cov Slavs, cov Teutons thaum kawg tau faib, thaj tsis ntev dhau los. Cov lus ntawm cov neeg no yog cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws hauv cov lus piav qhia txog metallurgy, tab sisriam phom, maritime affairs - cov no yog cov cheeb tsam uas siv cov lus sib txawv. Yog tias peb sib piv qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Slavs, Lithuanians, Teutons, peb tuaj yeem pom kev sib sib zog nqus kev sib raug zoo, thiab txoj hauv kev pom tseeb tshaj plaws yog los hloov tus cwj pwm qub "bh" nrog "m" nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ib qho. lus. Ib qho kev hloov pauv zoo sib xws tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam lus ntawm tib pab pawg.
Tam sim no, 16 lo lus paub rau cov kws paub lus Askiv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, uas "k" hloov los ntawm "s", hais txog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Indo-Iranian, Slavic-Lithuanian cov lus uas yog Aryan. yam lus. Xws li kev hloov pauv tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus ntawm Teutons. Hauv Iranian muaj lo lus "bhaga", tau txais los piav txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los saum ntuj. Nws kuj tau siv los ntawm Phrygians, Slavs. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv cov lus ntawm Greeks, Latin. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg siab hais txog ib tsev neeg ntawm Slavic-Lithuanian, Iranian, Teutonic dialects. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv lees paub tias cov lus ntawm Greeks ua rau Italian, Iranian hauv nws ntau yam.
