Ib tug neeg hauv tsev kawm ntawv muaj hmoo hauv chav kawm chemistry tsis yog sau cov kev xeem tho txawv thiab suav cov molar loj lossis qhia qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis kuj saib seb tus kws qhia ntawv ua qhov kev sim li cas. Invariably, raws li ib feem ntawm qhov kev sim, zoo li yog los ntawm cov khawv koob, cov kua hauv cov hlab ntshav hloov xim unpredictably, thiab lwm yam yuav tawg los yog hlawv zoo nkauj. Tej zaum tsis zoo nkauj heev, tab sis tseem nthuav cov kev sim uas siv cov tshuaj hydrophilic thiab hydrophobic. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas lawv xav paub?
Lub cev muaj zog
Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia chemistry, mus txog lub ntsiab lus tom ntej los ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm, nrog rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, peb yuav tsum tau tham txog lawv ntau yam ntxwv. Tshwj xeeb, lawv lub cev lub cev tau raug cuam tshuam rau: qhov ntom ntom, lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, melting thiab boiling ntsiab lus, hardness, xim, hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, thiab ntau lwm yam. Qee lub sij hawm tau tham txog cov yam ntxwv xws li hydrophobicity lossis hydrophilicity, txawm li cas los xij, raws li txoj cai, lawv tsis tham txog qhov no cais. Lub caij no, qhov no yog ib pab pawg neeg nthuav dav uas tuaj yeem ntsib tau yooj yim hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li nws tsis yog tawm ntawm qhov chawyuav kawm ntxiv txog lawv.
Hydrophobic tshuaj
Piv txwv tuaj yeem coj los ntawm lub neej yooj yim. Yog li, koj tsis tuaj yeem sib tov dej nrog roj - txhua tus paub qhov no. Nws tsuas yog tsis yaj, tab sis tseem ntab li npuas los yog zaj duab xis ntawm qhov chaw, vim nws qhov ntom yog tsawg. Tab sis vim li cas qhov no thiab lwm yam tshuaj hydrophobic muaj nyob?
Feem ntau cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov rog, qee cov proteins thiab nucleic acids, nrog rau silicones. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom los ntawm Greek lo lus hydror - dej thiab phobos - ntshai, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias cov molecules ntshai. Nws tsuas yog hais tias lawv yog me me los yog tag nrho insoluble, lawv kuj hu ua non-polar. Tsis muaj hydrophobicity tsis muaj nyob, txawm tias cov tshuaj uas, nws yuav zoo li, tsis cuam tshuam nrog dej txhua, tseem adsorb nws, txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Hauv kev xyaum, kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom siv nrog H 2 O zoo li cov yeeb yaj kiab lossis cov tee dej, lossis cov kua tseem nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiab siv lub pob, vim nws muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws. thaj chaw saum npoo thiab muab kev sib cuag tsawg kawg nkaus.
Hydrophobic zog tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv tshuaj ntawm qee yam tshuaj. Qhov no yog vim qhov qis qis rau cov dej molecule, zoo li tshwm sim, piv txwv li, nrog hydrocarbons.
Hydrophilic tshuaj
Lub npe ntawm pab pawg no, raws li koj xav, kuj los ntawm cov lus Greek. Tab sis nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov thib ob ntawm philia yog kev hlub, thiab qhov no zoo kawg nkaus characterizes kev sib raug zoo ntawm xws li tshuaj nrog dej -ua kom tiav "kev sib nrig sib nkag siab" thiab zoo heev solubility. Cov pab pawg no, qee zaum hu ua "polar", suav nrog cov cawv yooj yim, suab thaj, amino acids, thiab lwm yam. Raws li, lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo li no, vim lawv muaj lub zog siab ntawm kev nyiam rau cov dej molecule. Hais lus nruj me ntsis, qhov tseeb, txhua yam tshuaj yog hydrophilic rau qhov ntau dua lossis tsawg dua.
Amphiphilicity
Puas yog nws tshwm sim tias cov tshuaj hydrophobic tuaj yeem ua ib txhij muaj cov khoom siv hydrophilic? Nws hloov tawm yog! Cov tshuaj no yog hu ua diphilic, lossis amphiphilic. Nws hloov tawm tias tib lub molecule tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv ob qho tib si soluble - polar, thiab dej-repellent - non-polar ntsiab. Xws li cov khoom, piv txwv li, muaj qee cov proteins, lipids, surfactants, polymers thiab peptides. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog dej, lawv tsim ntau cov qauv supramolecular: monolayers, liposomes, micelles, bilayer membranes, vesicles, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, pawg polar tig tawm mus rau cov kua.
Lub ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv thov hauv lub neej
Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm dej thiab roj, muaj ntau cov pov thawj uas muaj cov tshuaj hydrophobic pom yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Yog li, huv si ntawm cov hlau, semiconductors, nrog rau cov tawv nqaij tsiaj, nplooj nplooj, kab chitin npog muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej, ob yam khoom tseem ceeb. Yog li, hydrophiles yog siv nyob rau hauv kev thauj cov as-ham hauv cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag kab mob, cov khoom kawgKev pauv kuj tseem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev daws cov kua roj ntsha. Cov khoom tsis-polar yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov cell membranes nrog xaiv permeability. Tias yog vim li cas cov khoom no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg.
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab hydrophobic tshuaj, uas nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntub dej thiab kis kab mob, yog li tsim txawm nws tus kheej-tu qhov chaw. Cov ris tsho, cov khoom siv hlau, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, iav tsheb - muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus no yuav ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuaj multiphobic uas yuav dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov av-repellent nto. Los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no, tib neeg tuaj yeem txuag lub sijhawm, nyiaj txiag thiab cov peev txheej, thiab nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txo qis kev ua qias tuaj ntawm qhov xwm txheej nrog cov khoom siv tu. Yog li kev txhim kho ntxiv yuav muaj txiaj ntsig rau txhua tus.
