Ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis yog vim li cas tsis muaj tseeb, feem ntau tsis quav ntsej cov ntsiab lus hauv lus Askiv cov qauv sau ntawv yog cov lus hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv hauv lus Askiv. Nws yog dab tsi, lawv txawv li cas ntawm ib leeg, siv lawv li cas thiab yog vim li cas txawm paub txog cov kev cai, qee zaum txawm tias cov neeg uas, zoo li lawv, txawj hais lus txawv teb chaws, tsis txawm kwv yees. Rau cov neeg uas xav kom nkag siab thiab txhim kho lawv txoj kev paub, kawm paub qhov txawv thiab siv cov lus qhia hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv, kab lus no muaj.
txhais dav dav: vim li cas thiaj txhais kev hloov pauv?
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus qhia - qhov tshwj xeeb uas txiav txim siab seb nws puas tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha thiab / lossis tsis ncaj qha khoom ua ke nrog cov lus qhia xav tau. Txhawm rau txhais nws, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau siv lus Askiv prepositions kom raug.
Kev kawm paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj - qhov kev tshawb pom tsis pom tseeb rau cov neeg uas txiav txim siab kawm cov lus qhia hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv hauv lus Askiv - tuaj yeem nthuav dav thiab tsawg duaYooj yim nkag siab lo lus txiav txim hauv kab lus. Ntau precisely, nrog rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntxiv.
Cov lus qhia hloov pauv: cov cim thiab cov piv txwv
Cov lus qhia hloov pauv tau siv ua ke nrog cov khoom ncaj qha. Cov khoom ncaj qha qhia los ntawm cov npe lossis cov lus hauv cov lus nug (lawv teb cov lus nug "Leej twg?" thiab "Dab tsi?"). Piv txwv li:
| Example | Kev txhais lus |
| Kuv tus hluas nkauj hlub tus dev no. | Kuv tus hluas nkauj hlub (Leej twg?) tus menyuam dev no. |
| zoo li kuv xav tias nws nyiam txhua yam ntxim hlub thiab me me. | Kuv xav tias nws nyiam (Dab tsi?) txhua yam ntxim hlub thiab me. |
Yog tsis muaj ib qho khoom ncaj qha, ib qho kev hloov pauv zoo li "tsis tiav" thiab kab lus tsis tiav. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug transitive verb, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom qhia ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li:
| Example | Kev txhais lus | Tib kab lus, tab sis tsis muaj qhov khoom ncaj nraim |
| Peb yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej no. | Peb yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej no. | Peb yuav tsum siv. (Tsis paub). |
| Kuv nyiam haus kua txiv kab ntxwv es tsis txhob tshuaj yej. | Kuv nyiam haus kua txiv kab ntxwv hloov tshuaj yej. | Kuv nyiam haus tsis haus tshuaj yej. (Sound absurd thiab distorts lub tswv yim.) |
Feem ntau, cov khoom ncaj qha nrog cov lus qhia hloov pauv hauv lus Askiv yog siv yam tsis muaj preposition. Cov kev zam tsuas yog phrasal verbs, uas tsis yognyob tsis muaj preposition, los yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm uas yog distorted nyob ntawm seb nws muaj. Piv txwv li:
| Example | Kev txhais lus |
| Nws nrhiav koj. | Nws nrhiav koj. |
Cov lus qhia nrhiav txhais tau tias "los nrhiav". Yog tias koj hloov lub preposition, koj tuaj yeem tau txais lub ntsiab lus sib txawv: saib - "saib", saib tom qab - "saib", saib rau pem hauv ntej - "saib tom ntej". Yog tsis muaj preposition, cov lus qhia no tsis siv txhua.
Cov lus qhia tsis sib xws: cov cim thiab cov piv txwv
Cov lus qhia no xav tau qhov khoom tsis ncaj tom qab lawv. Nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm los ntawm lub npe lossis tus npe nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub tshwj tsis yog lub npe. Piv txwv li:
| Example | Kev txhais lus |
| Cia peb tham txog nws! | Cia tham (Dab tsi?) txog nws! |
| Nws thov Vajtswv rau peb. | Nws thov Vajtswv rau (Leej twg?) peb. |
| Cia rau kuv. | Cia (Leej twg?) rau kuv. |
| Cia li nrog kuv. | Tuaj (Leej twg?) nrog kuv. |
Tsis zoo li cov lus hloov pauv, intransitive verbs hauv lus Askiv tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj khoom, tsim kom tiav, piav qhia tus kheej xav.
| Example | Kev txhais lus |
| Nws mus ncig. | Nws taug kev. |
| Kuv tus txiv ua haujlwm. | Kuv tus txiv ua haujlwm. |
Ntau zaus, ntau yam khoom siv tau ua ke nrog cov lus qhia tsis sib xws.
| Example | Kev txhais lus |
| Kuv tsis xav nrog nws tham txog kuv cov teeb meem. | Kuv tsis xav nrog nws tham (thawj nthuav tawm) txog kuv cov teeb meem (qhov thib ob nthuav dav). |
Verbs with inconstant transitiveness
Sau ua tiav daim ntawv qhia ua lus Askiv - hloov pauv lossis hloov pauv - nrog txhua qhov kev ntshaw, tsis muaj leej twg yuav ua tiav. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov pom tseeb impossibility ntawm suav nrog tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov lus hauv ib daim ntawv teev npe, muaj ntau qhov laj thawj nyuaj: qee cov lus qhia tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv tib lub sijhawm, nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li:
| Example | Kev txhais lus | Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov lus qhia |
| Kuv sau ib zaj dab neeg. | Kuv sau zaj dab neeg. | Kev hloov pauv. |
| Zaj dab neeg yog sau los ntawm kuv. | Zaj dab neeg yog sau los ntawm kuv. | Intransitive. |
Hauv thawj kis, kev siv cov khoom ncaj qha nrog cov lus qhia sau yog ua tau thiab txawm tias tsim nyog, tab sis qhov thib ob, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus hloov pauv thiab tsis hloov pauv hauv lus Askiv nrog kev txhais ua lus Lavxias thiab ua pov thawj tias kev nkag siab ntawm kev hloov pauv yog qhov tsim nyog txawm tias cov neeg kawm tsuas yog kev sib tham lossis tsuas yog lus Askiv yooj yim xwb. Nws pab kom nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov lus, pab kom systematize kev paub,tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kab lus los ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab grammatically, thiab kuj yooj yim rau kev kawm ntawm prepositions. Thiab cov lus qhia nrog kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib hom kev ua qauv qhia ntawm kev nplua nuj, txawv txawv thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov lus Askiv, uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau Lavxias.
