Cov qauv sau ntawv yog kab tias yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Indian philologists. Lo lus no kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv Ancient Greece nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ib tug kev qhuab qhia uas kawm txog cov cai ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv. Nws yog los ntawm ob kab lig kev cai uas ob qho tib si European thiab Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv keeb kwm.
Cov Qauv Qauv - ib ntu ntawm kev kawm lus
keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog ib ntu ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv dav dav, cov ntsiab lus uas yog cov ntawv sau thiab cov lus tsim, i.e. sab formal ntawm cov lus. Raws li lub npe twb tau hais lawm, qhov no yog ceg ntawm kev hais lus lub luag haujlwm rau kev siv cov lus kom raug hauv kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv. Yog li cov lus no tau muab los ua "kev paub" thiab "kev paub ntawv", uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog tsab ntawv, lo lus raug.
Cov qauv sau ntawv tsim kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus thiab ntu ntawm kev hais lus, thiab tseem tswj kev tsim cov lus thiab kev tsim cov lus. Nws kawm txog sab lus ntawm cov lus - nws cov qauv grammatical. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb txawv ntawm morpheme (qhov tsawg tshaj plawsunits ntawm hom lus) mus rau cov ntawv nyeem (qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov lus system).
Feem ntau, cov qauv sau ntawv suav nrog ob ntu ntawm kev hais lus: morphology thiab syntax. Thawj tus kawm cov lus hauv nws lub ntsiab lus grammatical, qhov thib ob - kev tsim los ntawm cov lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, orthoepy, lus, phonetics, graphics, spelling ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog ze ze rau cov qauv sau ntawv, nrog rau keeb kwm sau ntawv sau.
Kev sib sau ntawm grammatical thiab lexical
Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov sib cais tsis sib xws ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov lus, daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nqe lus. Qee lub sij hawm lub ntsiab lus lexical ntawm ib lo lus txiav txim siab nws cov grammatical nta, qee zaum qhov opposite.
Rau cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab cov qauv sau ntawv yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, phraseological units yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lexicalization: daim ntawv grammatical yog tsau nyob rau hauv cov lus raws li ib tug unchanged thiab cais tseem ceeb lexical chav tsev. Grammarization, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lees paub cov lus raws li qhov ntsuas grammatical, txhais nws rau hauv qeb ntawm affixes thiab auxiliary lus.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus polysemantic hauv Lavxias kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm thiab cov lus. Cov lus tshiab nyob rau hauv ib hom lus tsis yog ib txwm tsim los ntawm incrementing units: nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus yuav dhau los lawm thiab tau txais ib lub ntsiab lus tshiab los yog ntxiv.
Nrog rau cov keeb kwm, cov lus tau hloov pauv, xaj cov qauv ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus - lub kaw lus yuav pom tseeb thiab yooj yim dua. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau nkag siab qhov no, nws yuav tsum muaj kev nkag siab txog cov keeb kwm nocov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim thiab tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus.
Lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm sau ntawv
Cov kab lus keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, zoo li tag nrho cov qauv lus Lavxias feem ntau, pib los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov, uas tau hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus Lavxias nrog lwm yam lus Slavic thiab European. Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo cov qauv sau ntawv raws li kev qhuab qhia scientific. Nws lub hnub qub ntog rau xyoo pua 19th thiab koom nrog cov npe xws li Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov, Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky thiab Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev.
"Historical Grammar of the Russian Language" los ntawm Valery Vasilyevich Ivanov twb yog ib theem tshiab nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm linguistic science. Nws phau ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab tseem suav tias yog ib qho kev qhia ntawv tso cai rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv philological.
Kev kawm
Hnub no, cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm yog ib qho ntawm cov kab lus uas piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm keeb kwm kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ntawm cov lus ob qho tib si ntawm qib suab thiab cov lus, thiab nyob rau theem ntawm kev sib txuas lus nyuaj. Ntxiv mus, kev txaus siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog ob qho tib si sau thiab hais lus (dialect) hais lus. Cov tom kawg tseem pab txhawb rau kev tsim kho lus.
VV Ivanov, tau hais los saum no, tsom rau qhov tseeb tias cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm qhia txog cov txheej txheem kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus hauv lub sijhawm. Cov lus tsim kho raws li nws tus kheej txoj cai thiab kev cai sab hauv ntawm nws tus kheej ntu (phonetics, syntax, morphology, thiab lwm yam).
Cov lus sau lus Lavxias los ntawm F. I. Buslaev
Vim keeb kwm sau ntawv yog kev qhuab qhia kawm hauv kev kawm qib siab, nws tsim nyog hais txog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub ncauj lus no.
"Keeb kwm sau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" los ntawm Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau cov hauj lwm ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Los ntawm thiab loj, nws yog ib tug pioneer ntawm txoj kev sib piv linguistics. Qhov tshiab ntawm txoj hauv kev yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias tus sau piav qhia txog kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv cov lus niaj hnub raws li cov lus muaj feem xyuam. Nws yog los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Cov Laus Lavxias, Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic thiab lwm yam lus Slavic uas niaj hnub sau ntawv sib npaug tau tsim.
Tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog tsim cov qauv hauv cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov lus, tab sis nrhiav lawv cov laj thawj hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov lus. Rau Buslaev, keeb kwm ntawm cov lus ua haujlwm pab hauv kev sim nkag siab txog cov xwm txheej uas tau lees paub tias yog kev zam los ntawm kev paub lus niaj hnub.
Ivanov. Keeb kwm sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Buslaev txoj haujlwm tau xaus rau hauv ob ntu: thawj yog mob siab rau lub suab thiab cov lus, uas yog, morphology, qhov thib ob - rau syntax. Yog li, tus lej ntawm phau ntawv sib raug rau tus lej ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv.
Phau ntawv ntawm Soviet linguist V. V. Ivanov, npaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm philology, muaj cov qauv sib txawv. Tus sau cais txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm yam Slavic lus. Phau ntawv kawm taug qab cov keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg - pib nrog suab thiabxaus nrog kev tsim kho syntactic. Keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txhua qhov ntawm kev hais lus yog muab cais.
keeb kwm sau ntawv sau lus Lavxias rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv
Lub tsev kawm ntawv cov lus Lavxias tsis muab sijhawm rau kev kawm keeb kwm kab lis kev cai: txoj haujlwm no yog tsom rau kev paub cov lus sau niaj hnub no, thiab tsis nkag mus tob rau hauv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus Lavxias nrog rau txoj hauv kev no hloov mus rau qhov kev kawm tho txawv, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua txhaum cai thiab ntau yam kev coj ua. Cov lus yooj yim npaum li cas thiab nkag siab ntau dua yuav yog yog tias nws yav dhau los tau nthuav tawm me ntsis! Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom nkag siab tias cov lus tsis yog qhov thaiv khov, tab sis ib qho kev hloov pauv tas li: zoo li lub cev muaj sia, nws nyob thiab txhim kho.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los suav cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias. Ua ntej, qhov no yog kev coj ua ntawm cov lus qhia cais ntawm lub ncauj lus. Qhov thib ob, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm historicism tuaj yeem nrog cov chav kawm ntawm cov lus qhia tsis tu ncua raws li cov khoom siv ntxiv rau qhov kev zov me nyuam. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus polysemantic hauv Lavxias, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab thiab cov suab sib txawv - cov no thiab ntau lwm cov ntsiab lus yuav ua kom pom tseeb dua yog tias lawv tau piav qhia siv cov lus xaus thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm.
Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias chav kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav yog tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tau ntsib cov monuments ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" tsis yog xwbua tiav nrog cov lus uas siv tsis tau thiab tsis nkag siab hauv cov ntawv nyeem, tab sis lub npe nws tus kheej xav tau cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm cais.
Zoo ntawm cov qauv sau keeb kwm
Kev paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm tso cai rau koj kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau kev kawm cov lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws ua kom pom tseeb txawm tias thaum nyeem cov tswv yim thiab cov lus qhia uas sawv cev rau nws. Txhawm rau sau thiab hais lus kom raug, nws tsis tas yuav tsum nco txog ntau txoj cai thiab kev zam los ntawm lub siab - cov qauv sau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias yuav pab kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv nws.
