Kev lig kev cai (thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv qauv sau ntawv) ib kab lus nyuaj tau nkag siab tias yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab lus yooj yim, ua tiav nrog kev pab ntawm qee yam kev txhais lus thiab tus cwj pwm los ntawm semantic, constructive thiab intonational kev ncaj ncees. Tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus tsis yog cov kab lus yooj yim, vim tias: 1) feem ntau lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua cov kev sib txuas lus ywj pheej, tab sis tsuas yog nyob ua ib feem ntawm ib qho nyuaj; 2) tsis muaj intonation tiav; 3) tag nrho kab lus teb tag nrho cov lus nug, i.e. yog ib chav sib txuas lus. Nws yog qhov tseeb dua los xav txog lawv tsis yog cov kab lus yooj yim, tab sis raws li cov ntsuas ntsuas.
Kev faib cov kab lus sib xyaw
Cia peb txheeb xyuas cov kab lus sib xyaw thiab cov kab lus nyuaj, piv txwv thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias ob qho tib si complex. Cov kab lus nyuaj sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwmkev sib txuas, qhov xwm ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov chaw. Lawv yog cov phoojywg thiab tsis koom siab. Allied, uas peb yuav tsom mus rau hauv kab lus no, dhau los, muab faib ua cov kab lus sib xyaw thiab cov kab lus nyuaj (saib cov piv txwv hauv qab no).
Cov kab lus (CSP)
SSP yog cov kab lus nyuaj, cov ntu uas txuas nrog kev sib koom ua ke thiab muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm grammatically ywj siab, piv txwv li. muaj kev sib npaug, sib npaug.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke feem ntau yog tias lawv nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ruaj khov - ib txwm nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus sib txuas (tshwj tsis yog cov koom haum rov ua dua). Lawv tsis suav nrog ib feem ntawm cov kab lus sib xyaw. Thaum qhov kev txiav txim ntawm predicative units hloov, qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas tsis hloov. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kab lus sib xyaw, piv txwv ntawm nws ntau hom tau muab rau hauv kab lus no.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov koomhaum sib koom ua ke
Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm SSP hauv "Lavxias Lus Txhais Lus-80" yog ua raws li kev faib cov lus sib txuas los ntawm qhov tsis meej / tsis meej. Cov koom haum ntawm hom tsis sib txawv suav nrog: thiab, tab sis, yog, tib yam, lossis, lossis lawv cov lus sib piv. Lawv nyiam qhia txog qee yam kev sib raug zoo, tab sis lawv lub ntsiab lus yeej ib txwm txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus lossis teev los ntawm concretizer. Cov koom haum ntawm ib hom kev sib txawv (feem ntau yog cov neeg sib koom ua ke) tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsim nyog rau qee yam kev sib raug zoo: uas yog,xws li, yog li ntawd, kuj, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lossis ntau dua, thiab lwm yam, uas muaj kab lus sib xyaw.
Piv txwv ntawm SSP nrog cov koom haum tsis sib txawv
- Nws lub siab dhia nrawm, thiab nws txoj kev xav tsis tuaj yeem nres ntawm ib yam dab tsi (kev sib txuas tiag tiag).
- Kuv hu, thiab lub qhov rooj qhib rau kuv tam sim ntawd (tsis yog kev sib txuas zoo nrog kev tsim nyog txuas zoo).
- Nws yeej tsis khaws nws lo lus, thiab qhov phem heev (tsis zoo txuas, koom-commenting).
- Nws tso dag thiab kuv txhais tau tias (kev sib piv).
- Lub neej mus nrawm thiab koj tseem tsis tau ua dab tsi ntxiv (tsis sib xws, kab lus sib xyaw).
Piv txwv nrog kev sib txuas "tab sis":
- Tsis los nag, tab sis huab cua ntub heev (tsis pom zoo).
- Nws tsis mob siab, tab sis nws nyiam suab paj nruag (kev tawm tsam-kev them nyiaj).
- Tseeb tsaus ntuj, tab sis lub teeb tseem tsis tau qhib (obnoxiously txwv).
- Smels zoo li quav nyab, tab sis tsw yog tuab thiab maj mam (sib txuas-kab lus sib txuas).
Piv txwv nrog kev sib txuas "los yog", "lossis":
- Cia nws tsiv ntawm no mus rau qhov chaw tawm, lossis kuv yuav txav ntawm no (modally nyuaj).
- Txawm yog kuv yuam kev lossis nws hais lus dag (modally uncomplicated compound kab lus).
Piv txwv ntawm SSP nrog qhov sib txawv hom kev sib txuas
- Kuv hais tsis tau paj huam, uas yog, kuv ua tsis tauKuv nyiam nyeem lawv tej lus tshwj xeeb (piav qhia).
- Tam sim no tau daus, tab sis sov heev (tsis muaj te loj heev) (tawm tsam).
- Kuv yeej tsis thuam nws, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kuv ua tib zoo saib xyuas nws (optional-commenting).
- Nws hais tau ntev heev thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug monotone, kom sawv daws nkees heev (ua rau).
- Tsuas yog kuv cov phooj ywg tsis tau saib xyuas nws qhov kev qaug zog, tab sis kuj khib cov neeg tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam nws (qib qib).
Complex Subordinate Sentence (CSS)
SPP yog cov kab lus nyuaj uas muaj kev vam khom ntawm cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm kev sib txuas lus subordinating: cov koom haum thiab cov lus sib koom.
Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv-semantic ntawm NGN yog raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm - qhov xwm txheej ntawm syntactic, kev vam meej ntawm cov subordinate clause ntawm lub ntsiab. Cov yeeb yam no koom ua ke cov kev faib tawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm V. A. Beloshapkova thiab "Lavxias teb chaws Grammar-80". Tag nrho NGNs tau muab faib ua kab lus ntawm hom tsis sib faib thiab dismembered. Lawv cov yam ntxwv txawv yog raws li hauv qab no.
Tsis sib faib
1. Lub subordinate clause yog nyob rau hauv ib tug conditional txoj hauj lwm (hais txog ib lo lus nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab), conditional los yog correlative kev twb kev txuas (hais rau ib tug demonstrative pronoun).
2. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom yog synsemantic, i.e. tsis tuaj yeem yog ib chav sib txuas lus txaus sab nraud ntawm kab lus nyuaj.
3. Txhais tau hais tias kev sib txuas lus - syntactic (multi-valued)kev sib txuas lus thiab cov lus sib koom.
Decomposed type
1. Lub subordinate clause hais txog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: qhov kev txiav txim siab txuas.
2. Ob qhov chaw yog autosemantic, i.e. muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm nws tus kheej.
3. Kev sib txuas lus - semantic (unambiguous) unions.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog thawj, cov qauv tsim.
Kev faib tawm ntxiv ntawm cov NGN dismembered yog ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus (xws li lub sijhawm, qhov xwm txheej, kev pom zoo, ua rau, lub hom phiaj, cov txiaj ntsig, kev sib piv, qhov sib piv uas cov kab lus nyuaj yuav muaj).
Cov piv txwv tsis tseeb thiab lwm cov lus qhia:
- Tseem tau ob peb teev txij li kuv tawm hauv nroog (ib ntus).
- Yog koj ua tau, tuaj ob teev (qhov xwm txheej).
- Txawm hais tias lig dhau lawm, lub teeb ci hauv tsev (concession).
- Kuv tsis muaj sij hawm so ntau, vim suab paj nruag yuav tsum tau cog lus tag nrho (yog vim li cas).
- Yuav kom kawm tau zoo, koj yuav tsum ua haujlwm hnyav (lub hom phiaj).
- Nws ob lub qhov muag ci zoo li cov hnub qub ci ntsa iab saum ntuj tsaus (piv txwv).
- Yog nws muaj txoj kev xav, ces nws muaj daim ntawv ntau dua li (sib piv).
Kev faib tawm ntawm NGN tsis sib faib feem ntau yog raws li cov qauv tsim - qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib txuas lus, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau theem thib ob - ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm semantic.
Type of non-partitioned NBS
1. Nrog kev sib koom ua ke: piav qhia,Kev txhais (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.
2. Nrog rau kev sib txuas lus: pronominal-interrogative thiab pronominal-relative complex kab lus.
Cov piv txwv tsis tseeb thiab lwm cov kab lus sib koom:
- ruam koj yuav tsis tuaj (piav qhia).
- Huab cua ntshiab li yog tsis muaj (qhov tseeb, ntau).
- Nws hais sai sai, zoo li nws tau hais rau (qhov tseeb, zoo).
- Txhua yam tshwm sim zoo li tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv chav (qhov tseeb clause).
Cov piv txwv Literary thiab lwm cov kab lus tseem ceeb:
- Koj yuav tsum tau hnov nws hais lus (pronoun-interrogative).
- Lub tsev peb nyob tshiab (pronoun-relative, oriented).
- leej twg thov, tsis muaj qhov tsis lees paub (pronoun-relative, non-oriented complex kab lus).
Piv txwv ntawm kab lus (qib 5, phau ntawv Lavxias yuav pab koj txuas ntxiv rau cov npe no), raws li koj pom, koj tuaj yeem muab ntau yam.
Ib qho kev qhia ntxaws ntxiv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv qhia (piv txwv li, V. A. Beloshapkov "Modern Russian", "Lavxias teb sab Grammar-80", thiab lwm yam).
