Muaj lus nug, cov lus teb yog qhov tseeb. Dab tsi yog kab lus? Nws yuav zoo li hais tias lub ntsiab txhais yog embedded nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm lo lus no. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov lus - dab tsi ntxiv? Qhov no muaj tseeb, tab sis tag nrho cov ntsiab lus suab nyuaj me ntsis.
Definition
Ib kab lus hauv Lavxias, ib yam li lwm yam lus, yog kev tsim kho syntactic uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab muaj nyob hauv, uas hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus thiab sib cuam tshuam. Tsis yog txhua khub ntawm cov lus tsim muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib npaug sib npaug, piv txwv li, nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus qhia, uas tsis yog ib kab lus, tab sis twb tsim lub hauv paus grammatical ntawm kab lus. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm cov lus qhia, qib ntawm kev sib piv ntawm adjectives, nouns nrog prepositions, thiab phraseological units kuj tsis yog kab lus. Qhov no yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum parsing ib kab lus.
Muaj kev faib cov kab lus nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb lossislub ntsiab. Muaj ntau hom xws li hais lus, adjective, substantive thiab adverbial tsim. Nyob rau hauv lawv, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog, raws li, ib qho lus qhia, ib qho adjective, nyob rau hauv qhov thib peb rooj plaub - lub npe, tus lej los yog cov lus, thiab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub kawg - ib tug adverb los yog ib tug adjective nyob rau hauv ib tug sib piv degree.
Nyob rau hauv kab lus, cov ntsiab lus muaj peev xwm nqa tau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tswv cuab theem nrab - cov ntsiab lus, xwm txheej thiab ntxiv. Raws li lub luag hauj lwm no, lawv nyob rau ib qho ntawm peb hom raws li cov qauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo semantic. Kev faib ua feem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv attributive, adverbial thiab khoom kab lus. Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom, hom yooj yim thiab complex yog qhov txawv. Tab sis vim li cas lawv thiaj xav tau?
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam
Nws nyuaj rau qhia koj cov kev xav los ntawm kev tso cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus qhia hauv kab lus xwb. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus tau ploj mus, cov qauv tsim zoo li qhuav thiab tsis muaj ntsej muag. Xws li cov lus pom zoo, uas tsis muaj cov tswv cuab thib ob txhua, yog hu ua tsis yog. Txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau hais luv luv thiab luv luv li sai tau, piv txwv li, thaum sau ib daim ntawv qhia lossis ib daim ntawv qhia, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua yam tsis muaj kev txhais, xwm txheej thiab ntxiv. Peb tuaj yeem hais li cas txog kev sib tham hauv kev sib tham, uas cov lus txiav txim muaj txiaj ntsig tau siv tsis tu ncua. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv tso cai rau koj hais lus zoo dua, zoo nkauj thiab sib raug zoo.
Qhov piv ntawm kab lus nrog lo lus
Lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi? lus, concept,lub sij hawm. Lawv tsim cov kab lus thiab kab lus. Nws yog los ntawm lawv uas tib neeg qhia lawv txoj kev xav. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawd, kab lus yog dab tsi? Yog, tau kawg, nws yog ib pawg ntawm ntau lub tswv yim, tab sis rau feem ntau nws ua lub npe hu ua haujlwm. Piv rau ib lo lus, nws muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab feem ntau qhia ntau dua. Ntawd yog, lub luag haujlwm semantic ntawm kab lus nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub npe thiab kab lus. Ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb, nws yog ib hom lus tshwj xeeb uas sib txuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si thiab lwm yam.
Qhov piv ntawm kab lus rau kab lus
Tib neeg qhia lawv txoj kev xav los ntawm kab lus. Thiab lawv yog lub ntsiab ywj siab syntactic unit. Cov kab lus tsis qhia txog kev xav tiav, tsis muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm nqe lus, nrog rau kev ua tiav semantic thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, raws li twb tau hais lawm, nws muaj es ib tug nominative muaj nuj nqi, uas muab nws ze rau lub nominative. Ib kab lus thiab kab lus tuaj yeem ua tau homonymous, uas yog, lawv suab tib yam, tab sis lawv yuav tsis sib npaug rau ib leeg, txij li thawj zaug tsis muaj lub hauv paus grammatical.
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib raug zoo
Vim qhov tseeb tias qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus tuaj yeem tsis lees paub lossis sib txuas, nrog rau siv lwm hom ntawv, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov kab lus thiab kab lus. Nyob rau hauv cov kab lus ntawm cov khoom, ib qho kev sib raug zoo subordinating tshwm sim raws li lexical thiab grammatical zog ntawm tus neeg.cov ntsiab lus. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tib kab lus, tib lub syntactic unit tuaj yeem nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si lub ntsiab thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kab lus muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab lus nrog ib leeg vim qhov no, thiab kuj vim muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv hom, nws zoo nkaus li ruaj khov thiab muaj kev xav. Qhov no yog qhov kev hais lus tau tsim.
Type of connection
Philologists paub qhov txawv 3 hom: kev sib koom tes, kev tswj hwm thiab kev sib txuas. Txhua hom kev sib txuas lus hauv kab lus no muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv. Nws yuav pom tseeb tshaj plaws los tshuaj xyuas lawv siv cov piv txwv ntawm kab lus "Ib tug me nyuam ntxhais sai sai khiav tom qab lub pob."
Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, raws li txoj cai, ib qho kev qhia ua raws li lub hauv paus. Yog tias koj hloov qhov bar tivthaiv, qhov thib ob tseem yuav hloov. Yog li cov kab lus zoo li no tsis muaj teeb meem hauv kev txiav txim siab hom kev sib txuas. Ib qho piv txwv yog "me ntxhais", yog tias koj hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab "ntxhais", ces, raws li nws, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub dependent tivthaiv kuj yuav hloov.
Control yog lwm hom kev sib txuas. Nrog rau nws, cov khoom sib txuas kuj tseem siv rau qee daim ntawv, txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub caij qia tsis kam lossis sib txuas, nws tsis hloov lawm. Ib qho piv txwv yog "khiav tom qab pob". Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua txhua yam, tab sis rooj plaub ntawm cov lus nyob hauv yuav nyob twj ywm tsis hloov pauv - muaj tswv yim. Hom kev sib txuas no kuj txhais tau tias siv cov prepositions thaum tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov qauv "verb + noun" lossis"noun + noun", feem "ua si football" thiab "nyeem ntawv".
Kawg, ib yam ntxiv - nyob ib sab. Raws li txoj cai, cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus nrog hom kev sib txuas yog raws li hauv qab no - "verb + adverb". Ib qho piv txwv yog "khiav ceev". Tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tshwm sim nrog cov lus nyob hauv, txij li cov lus qhia tsis hloov pauv hauv txhua txoj kev, yog li kev sib txuas tsuas yog semantic, tsis muaj grammatical tivthaiv. Tsis muaj morphological dependence.
kev sib txuas lus raug
Qee tus kws tshawb fawb paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov kab lus uas cov khoom sib npaug. Ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, piv txwv li, yog muaj nyob rau hauv homogeneous cov tswv cuab uas koom nrog ib qho tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov kab lus zoo li no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo feem ntau tsis lees paub hauv cov lus Lavxias thiab suav tias yog li ntawd los ntawm qee tus neeg paub lus tsawg xwb.
Txoj kev sib raug zoo yam
Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib koom tes, kev tswj hwm thiab kev nyob ib puag ncig, nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau kom tsis meej pem qhov txawv ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, muaj syntactically dawb thiab tsis dawb (khoom) kab lus. Thawj suav nrog cov uas tuaj yeem faib tau yooj yim rau hauv lawv cov khoom siv, tab sis hauv qhov thib ob txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj dua. Syntactically tsis pub dawb kab lus tsis tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, vim lawv poob lawv lub ntsiab lus. Xws li cov piv txwv xws li "ob tug viv ncaus", "ntau qhov chaw", "ob peb teev", thiab lwm yam. Ib kab lus nrogkab lus ntawm hom no yog syntactically soj ntsuam yam tsis tau faib cov teeb meem kab lus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus. Ntawd yog, qhov no, nws pom tau tias yog ib chav tsev.
Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tswvcuab cais tawm ntawm ib kab lus, piv txwv li, kev koom tes tsim thiab cov ntsiab lus muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm tias muaj cov cim qhia ntawm kev tswj hwm kev sib txuas lus, tsis tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm kab lus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab qhov chaw nyob tau txais ib qho kev kwv yees, uas yog, tus cwj pwm sib npaug. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntsiab lus txhais tau hais los ntawm cov kab lus koom ua ke yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov lej thiab cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, qhov no tsuas yog kev sib txuas ntawm morphological uas khaws cia kev ncaj ncees ntawm kab lus.
