Muaj ob pawg ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov: organic thiab inorganic. Cov tom kawg suav nrog cov tebchaw xws li hydrocarbons, alkynes, alkenes, cawv, lipids, nucleic thiab lwm yam acids, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids. Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi rau, peb yuav qhia hauv kab lus no. Tag nrho cov organic tebchaw muaj carbon thiab hydrogen atoms. Lawv kuj tseem muaj cov pa oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov protein, acids, oxides, amino acids yog chemistry. Nws tshawb txog cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua pawg ntawm cov khoom.
Amino acids - cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi?
Lawv tseem ceeb heev rau lub cev ntawm txhua tus tsiaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, vim tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cov proteins. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj nees nkaum-ib amino acids uas cov tebchaw tsim. Txhua tus muaj cov atom ntawm hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon thiab oxygen. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj ib pawg amino NH2, los ntawm lub npe los.
Yuav ua li cas cov amino acids tsim cov proteins?
Dataorganic tshuaj yog tsim nyob rau hauv plaub theem, lawv cov qauv muaj cov thawj, theem nrab, tertiary thiab quaternary lug. Txhua ntawm lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov protein. Lub hauv paus txiav txim siab tus naj npawb thiab kev txiav txim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov saw hlau polypeptide. Qhov thib ob yog alpha helix lossis beta qauv. Cov qub yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov saw hlau polypeptide thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrogen bonds hauv ib qho.
Qhov thib ob - vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cog lus ntawm pawg ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov saw hlau sib txawv polypeptide. Cov qauv tertiary yog kev sib txuas ntawm alpha helices thiab beta qauv. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob hom: fibrillar thiab globular. Thawj yog ib txoj xov ntev. Cov proteins uas muaj cov qauv zoo li no yog fibrin, myosin, nyob hauv cov leeg nqaij, thiab lwm yam. Qhov thib ob muaj daim ntawv coil; globular proteins suav nrog, piv txwv li, insulin, hemoglobin, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia, tshwj xeeb cell organelles, ribosomes, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub synthesis ntawm proteins los ntawm cov amino acids. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov proteins uas yuav tsum tau tsim yog encoded hauv DNA thiab nqa mus rau ribosomes los ntawm RNA.
YAmino acids yog dab tsi?
Cov tshuaj los ntawm cov proteins tsim, tsuas muaj nees nkaum ib yam nkaus xwb. Qee tus ntawm lawv tib neeg lub cev muaj peev xwm ua ke nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov metabolism (metabolism), thaum lwm tus tsis yog. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj xws li cov amino acids: histidine, valine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine,tyrosine, arginine, alanine, glutamine, asparagine, glycine, proline, carnitine, ornithine, taurine, serine. Thawj cuaj ntawm cov amino acids teev saum toj no yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb - cov uas lub cev tuaj yeem siv tsis tau hloov pauv hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, tyrosine thiab cysteine . Thawj tuaj yeem siv los hloov phenylalanine, thiab qhov thib ob - yog tias tsis muaj methionine. Cov amino acids tseem ceeb hauv cov zaub mov yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev noj qab haus huv.
lawv muaj zaub mov dab tsi?
- Valine - nqaij, ntses.
- Leucine - tib yam li isoleucine.
- Methionine - cereals, txiv laum huab xeeb, walnuts, pistachios, nplej.
- Threonine - nqaij, cereals, nceb.
- Tryptophan - qaib ntxhw, luav, nqaij npuas, nees mackerel.
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amino acids hauv cov khoom noj
Histidine - buckwheat, cereals, ntses liab, nqaij npuas, nqaij qaib.
YIsoleucine - qe, nqaij, ntses, mis nyuj, cheese, tsev cheese.
Phenylalanine - nqaij, taum, taum, lentils, taum pauv, ntses, tsev cheese, mis nyuj, cheese.
Tag nrho lwm cov amino acids hauv cov khoom noj uas tib neeg noj yuav tsis muaj, vim lub cev muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis nws tseem xav tau qee yam ntawm lawv los ntawm zaub mov. Feem ntau ntawm cov amino acids tsis tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv tib cov khoom noj uas tseem ceeb, piv txwv li nqaij, ntses, mis nyuj - cov khoom noj uas muaj protein ntau.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua tus amino acid hauv tib neeg lub cev
Txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev. Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiavAmino acids yog indispensable rau lub neej, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau noj cov zaub mov kom txaus ntawm lawv.
Vim tias cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau peb lub cev yog cov protein, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog tshaj plaws yog cov amino acids. Yog vim li cas irreplaceable, peb tam sim no yuav qhia rau koj. Raws li twb tau hais saum toj no, pawg amino acids no suav nrog histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. Txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas no ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev. Yog li, valine yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob tag nrho, yog li cov khoom noj siab hauv nws yuav tsum muaj cov khoom noj txaus hauv cov menyuam yaus, cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov neeg ncaws pob uas yuav tsum tau ua kom cov leeg nqaij ntau ntxiv. Histidine tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - nws koom nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg rov tsim dua tshiab, yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin (uas yog vim li cas, nrog cov ntsiab lus qis hauv cov ntshav, nws raug nquahu kom nce cov buckwheat porridge noj). Leucine xav tau los ntawm lub cev txhawm rau txhawm rau tsim cov proteins, nrog rau kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qib tsim nyog.
Lysine - tsis muaj cov tshuaj no, calcium tsuas yog yuav tsis nqus rau hauv lub cev, yog li, qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov amino acid no yuav tsum tsis pub - koj yuav tsum suav nrog ntau cov ntses, cheese thiab lwm yam khoom noj siv mis hauv koj cov khoom noj. Tryptophan xav tau rau kev tsim cov vitamin B, nrog rau cov tshuaj hormones uas tswj kev tshaib plab thiab mus ob peb vas. Cov tshuaj no yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj uas pab ua kom lub siab thiab tshem tawm insomnia. Phenylalanine yog siv los ntawm lub cev los tsim cov tshuaj hormones xws li tyrosine thiab adrenaline. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau sau tseg rau insomnia lossis kev nyuaj siab.
Amino acids hais txog chemistry
Koj twb paub lawm tias cov khoom ntawm cov proteins thiab cov khoom tseem ceeb rau tib neeg yog cov amino acids. Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi, peb twb tau txiav txim siab, tam sim no cia peb mus rau lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg.
Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm amino acids
Txhua tus yog tus me me, txawm tias lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib xws. Txij li thaum muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov amino acids tuaj yeem sib txawv thiab suav nrog cov tshuaj sib txawv, cov khoom yuav txawv me ntsis. Ib qho tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws rau tag nrho cov tshuaj ntawm pab pawg no yog lub peev xwm los tsim cov peptides. Amino acids kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog nitrous acid los tsim hydroxy acids, dej thiab nitrogen.
Ntxiv rau, lawv cuam tshuam nrog cawv. Hauv qhov no, hydrochloride ntsev ntawm ether thiab dej yog tsim. Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, muaj hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv lub gaseous aggregate xeev raws li ib tug catalyst yog tsim nyog.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub lawv muaj?
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab muaj cov tshuaj no, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov amino acids. Piv txwv li, txhawm rau kuaj cysteine , koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov hmoov lead acetate, nrog rau siv cov cua sov thiab cov alkaline nruab nrab. Qhov twgtxhuas sulfide yuav tsum tsim, uas precipitates dub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm cov amino acid hauv cov tshuaj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ntxiv nitrous acid rau nws. Lawv paub qhov no los ntawm tus nqi ntawm nitrogen tso tawm.
