Kev tshawb fawb style, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau cov lus qhia, yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus tshwj xeeb uas siv feem ntau hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, nrov science sphere los qhia thiab tsim cov tswv yim, kev xav, kev ua tiav uas muaj ntau hom ntsiab lus thiab lub hom phiaj.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb
Cov ntawv tshawb fawb yog cov ntsiab lus, cov txiaj ntsig lossis tshaj tawm ntawm cov haujlwm tshawb fawb, uas yog tsim rau lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg uas tsim nyog rau nws txoj kev nkag siab thiab kev ntsuam xyuas. Txhawm rau ua kom nws paub zoo li qhov ua tau, tus sau yuav tsum siv cov lus qhia, tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias thiab txoj hauv kev nthuav tawm cov khoom. Feem ntau, cov ntawv tshawb fawb yog luam tawm lossis npaj rau kev tshaj tawm. Cov ntawv ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb kuj suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb npaj rau kev nthuav qhia qhov ncauj, piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv qhiantawm lub rooj sib tham lossis kev qhuab qhia kev kawm.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yog lub suab nruab nrab, lub hom phiaj txoj hauv kev thiab cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntawv sau, muaj cov ntsiab lus thiab cov cuab yeej siv lus tshwj xeeb uas tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb rau qhov kev xav, kev nthuav qhia txaus ntawm cov khoom.
Ntau hom kev tshawb fawb
Qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv sau ntawm lub neej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb txiav txim siab qhov siv tau, sib npaug, pom meej ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab tsim.
Kev faib cov ntawv tshawb fawb rau hauv hom thiab hom tau piav qhia, ua ntej, los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom piav qhia los ntawm ntau yam kev qhuab qhia, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Muaj ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, uas faib cov ntawv mus rau hauv kev tshawb fawb-tsim, kev tshawb fawb-tsim neeg, kev tshawb fawb-natural. Nws yog ib qho ua tau los ua ib hom lus tshwj xeeb uas muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb - algebra, botany, political science, thiab lwm yam.
M. P. Senkevich tau teeb tsa cov hom kev tshawb fawb raws li qib ntawm "kev tshawb fawb" ntawm cov haujlwm kawg thiab txheeb xyuas cov hom hauv qab no:
1. Cov qauv kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag (lwm yam - kev kawm) yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm loj rau lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab muaj cov tswv yim tshawb fawb ntawm tus sau - monographs, cov ntawv xov xwm, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.
2. Kev nthuav qhia lossis kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam scientific muaj cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm thib ob (kev paub daws teeb meem, annotations) - lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb lossis kev tshawb fawb-kev paub daws teeb meem.
3. Ib cheeb tsam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshaj tawm yog nyob hauv kev lag luam tshaj tawm, uas nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb - kev ua tiav tshiab hauv thev naus laus zis, hluav taws xob, chemistry, pharmacology thiab lwm yam kev siv science.
4. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb (siv cov phau ntawv, sau, phau ntawv txhais lus, catalogs) lub hom phiaj los muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, nthuav qhia cov neeg nyeem nrog qhov tseeb xwb.
5. Cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, nws qhia txog cov hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab ntxiv cov lus qhia uas muab cov ntsiab lus piav qhia thiab cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua (kev tshaj tawm kev kawm rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv).
6. Cov ntawv xov xwm nrov tshaj plaws nthuav tawm cov ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, cov dab neeg ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim, keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab kev tshawb pom thiab muaj rau ntau tus neeg nyiam, ua tsaug rau cov duab kos, piv txwv, piav qhia.
Cov ntawv nyeem txuj ci
Cov ntawv tsim hauv kev tshawb fawb yog qhov txheej txheem kaw.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yog ua raws li cov cai ntawm cov lus sau, kev siv cov qauv hloov thiab cov lus qhia, kev siv lub peev xwm ntawm "graphic" lus ntawm cov cim thiab cov qauv, kev siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, cliches feem ntau tau txais nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb zej zog: peb yuav tham txog qhov teeb meem …, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias …, cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no coj mus rau cov nram qab no cov lus xaus …, cia peb tsiv mus nyob rau. kev tsom xam … lwm yam
Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawbcov ntaub ntawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus "artificial" - nraaj - yog dav siv: 1) graphs, diagrams, blocks, drawings, drawings; 2) cov qauv thiab cov cim; 3) Cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb - piv txwv li, cov npe ntawm lub cev, cov cim lej, thiab lwm yam.
Cov cuab yeej siv (cov lus hauv qab, cov lus qhia, cov ntawv sau) tsim lub tswv yim zoo dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus thiab ua haujlwm los siv cov lus hais txog kev tshawb fawb zoo li qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus hais thiab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov chaw.
Yog li, cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov lus sau, ua qhov tseeb, meej thiab meej hauv kev nthuav tawm cov kev xav ntawm kev kawm. Cov lus hais txog kev tshawb fawb yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm daim ntawv monologue, lub laj thawj ntawm cov lus piav qhia tau tshwm sim raws li cov lus xaus, cov lus xaus yog tsim los ua cov kab lus tiav thiab ua tiav.
qauv qauv ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb
Txhua cov ntawv ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb muaj nws tus kheej kev tsim kho, ib daim ntawv tiav uas sib haum rau cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim. Raws li txoj cai, tus kws tshawb fawb ua raws li cov qauv hauv qab no:
- qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem, kev ncaj ncees ntawm nws qhov tseeb, qhov tshiab;
- xaiv qhov kev tshawb fawb (qee zaum, qhov khoom);
- teem ib lub hom phiaj, daws tej yam dej num nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ua kom tiav;
- tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov chaw tshawb fawb uas nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb, kev piav qhia ntawm theoretical thiab methodological hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm; kev ncaj ncees ntawm terminology;
- theoretical thiab tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb;
- cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshaj plawsua haujlwm;
- experiment description, yog muaj;
- cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov lus xaus los ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig.
Language nta: vocabulary
Ib lub suab paub daws teeb meem thiab kev nthuav dav tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb:
1. Kev siv cov lus hauv lawv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus paub daws teeb meem (ntim, permeability, tsis kam, tsis sib haum xeeb, stagnation, lo lus tsim, phau ntawv sau cia, thiab lwm yam).
2. Cov lus los ntawm kev siv txhua hnub tau txais cov ntsiab lus los yog cov ntsiab lus dav dav hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Qhov no siv, piv txwv li, rau cov ntsiab lus technical: coupling, coil, tube, thiab lwm yam.
3. Lub ntsiab semantic load nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb yog nqa los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis lawv qhov sib koom tsis zoo ib yam hauv ntau hom kev ua haujlwm. Cov ntsiab lus qhia qee lub tswv yim rau hauv kev ncig, qhov tseeb thiab cov ntsiab lus uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm (ethnogenesis, genome, sinusoid).
4. Cov ntawv luv luv thiab cov lus luv luv yog qhov zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb: publishing tsev, GOST, Gosplan, lab, tshawb fawb lub koom haum.
Linguistic yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb, hauv cov lus ntawm cov lus, muaj lub luag haujlwm ua kom pom tseeb: qhov dav dav ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xav thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus sau, qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm.
Linguistic nta: morphology
Morphological nta ntawm kev tshawb fawb:
1. Nyob rau theem grammatical, nrog kev pab los ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lo lus thiabkev tsim cov kab lus thiab kab lus tsim ib qho abstraction ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb: nws tau sau tseg tias …, zoo li …, thiab lwm yam
2. Verbs nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug scientific ntawv nyeem tau ib tug timeless, generalized lub ntsiab lus. Ntxiv mus, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no thiab yav dhau los yog siv feem ntau. Lawv alternation tsis muab "picturesqueness" los yog dynamics rau cov lus piav qhia, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, lawv qhia qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov tshwm sim: tus sau sau, qhia …; kev ua tiav ntawm lub hom phiaj yog txhawb los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, thiab lwm yam.
3. Cov lus qhia tsis zoo tshaj plaws (kwv yees li 80%) kuj muab cov ntawv tshawb fawb txog lub ntsiab lus dav dav. Hauv kev hloov pauv ruaj khov, cov lus qhia zoo meej yog siv: xav txog …; peb yuav qhia nrog piv txwv, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej thiab tus kheej tsis tu ncua nrog cov lus qhia ntawm kev lav phib xaub lossis qhov tsim nyog kuj tau siv: yam ntxwv xa mus rau …; yuav tsum tau…; tsis txhob hnov qab txog…
4. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab passive, reflexive verbs yog siv: nws yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj …; piav qhia meej…; teeb meem raug txiav txim siab, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv hais lus zoo li no ua rau nws ua tau kom tsom mus rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem, qauv, mechanism. luv passive participles muaj tib lub ntsiab lus: lub ntsiab txhais yog muab …; tus qauv tuaj yeem nkag siab, thiab lwm yam.
5. Hauv kev hais lus scientific, kuj siv cov lus luv luv, piv txwv li: tus cwj pwm yog yam ntxwv.
6. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus scientific yog lub npe peb, siv los ntawm I. Cov txheej txheem no tsim cov yam ntxwv xws li tus neeg sau kev coj ncaj ncees, lub hom phiaj, kev qhia dav dav: Hauv chav kawm ntawm txoj kev kawm, peb tau los xaus … (es tsis yog: Kuv tuaj rauxaus…).
Linguistic nta: syntax
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax qhia kev sib txuas ntawm kev hais lus nrog cov kev xav tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb: cov qauv siv hauv cov ntawv yog nruab nrab thiab feem ntau siv. Qhov feem ntau raug yog txoj kev ntawm syntactic compression, thaum lub ntim ntawm cov ntawv yog compressed thaum nce nws cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus thiab semantic cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog siv los tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab lus thiab kab lus.
Syntactic nta ntawm scientific style:
1. Siv cov lus tseeb "noun + noun in the genitive case": metabolic, txiaj liquidity, dismantling device, etc.
2. Cov ntsiab lus hais los ntawm adjectives yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm: unconditioned reflex, solid sign, historical digression, etc.
3. Cov qauv kev tshawb fawb (kev txhais, kev xav, kev txiav txim siab) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov sib xyaw nominal predicate nrog lub npe, raws li txoj cai, nrog rau kev sib txuas lus tsis zoo: Kev nkag siab yog cov txheej txheem kev txawj ntse …; Kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv siv ntawm cov lus yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus hais lus. Lwm qhov "predicate formula" yog qhov sib xyaw nominal predicate nrog luv luv: tuaj yeem siv.
4. Adverbs nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm qhov xwm txheej ua hauj lwm rau tus yam ntxwv zoo los yog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub phenomenon nyob rau hauv kev kawm: ho, interestingly, convincingly, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab txoj kev;tag nrho cov no thiab lwm yam xwm txheej tau piav qhia zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm….
5. Cov qauv syntactic ntawm kab lus qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim, yog li ntawd, tus qauv rau tus kws tshawb fawb sau ntawv yog ib kab lus tiav ntawm hom lus piav qhia nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nws qhov chaw, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv thiab cov lus txiav txim: anthropoid (chimpanzee) suab lus. Ntawm cov kab lus nyuaj, cov qauv nrog ib qho subordinate clause dominate: Nruab nrab ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab lus muaj ib qho kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab, uas yog hu ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev hais lus.
6. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab lus nug yog txhawm rau mloog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nthuav tawm, qhia cov kev xav thiab kev xav: Tej zaum tus liab muaj peev xwm ua lus kos npe?
7. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus, txhob txwm tshaj tawm tsis pub lwm tus paub txog cov ntaub ntawv, cov kab lus tsis yog tus kheej ntawm ntau hom tau siv dav: kev sib txuas lus zoo (lub siab-rau-lub siab tham, sib tham, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov xwm txheej sib npaug … ua tus kws tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm sawv cev ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb dav dav.
8. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim, cov kab lus nyuaj nrog kev sib koom tes thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog siv hauv kev hais lus. Complex conjunctions thiab allied lo lus feem ntau pom: vim lub fact tias, txawm lub fact tias, vim hais tias, vim hais tias, lub sij hawm ntawd, lub sij hawm, thaum, thaum, thaum lub sij hawm. Ib yam li lwm tus. Cov kab lus nyuaj nrog subordinate clauses piav qhia, muaj txiaj ntsig, ua rau, xwm txheej, sijhawm, qhov tshwm sim tau nthuav dav.
Kev sib txuas lus hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb
Kev tshawb fawb, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej hais lus, tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus, tab sis kuj yog cov kev cai ntawm logic.
Yog li, txhawm rau nthuav tawm nws txoj kev xav, tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum siv cov yam ntxwv morphological ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua tau zoo los txuas rau tus kheej ntawm nws cov lus. Lub hom phiaj no tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm ntau yam kev sib txuas lus, cov kab lus nyuaj ntawm ntau hom nrog "paper clip lus", qhia meej, koom tes, cov kab lus koom nrog, suav, thiab lwm yam.
Ntawm no yog cov tseem ceeb:
- sib piv ntawm ib qho xwm txheej (ob leeg … thiab yog li …);
- siv txuas cov kab lus uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog qhov tau hais hauv qhov tseem ceeb;
- kab lus koom nrog kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntxiv;
- cov lus qhia thiab cov kab lus, kev tsim kho txuas rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ob qho tib si hauv ib kab lus thiab ntawm kab lus;
- "paper clip lus" (piv txwv li, yog li ntawd, lub sijhawm ntawd, hauv kev xaus, ua lwm yam lus, raws li peb pom) ua haujlwm los tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv;
- cov tswv cuab homogeneous ntawm ib kab lus yog xav tau los suav cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws;
- frequentkev siv cov qauv cliched, lub logicality thiab conciseness ntawm cov qauv syntactic.
Yog li, cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas lus uas peb tau txiav txim siab, yog ib qho kev ruaj ntseg zoo uas nyuaj rau kev hloov pauv. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev muaj tswv yim tshawb fawb, cov cai tswj hwm pab cov ntawv tshawb fawb kom "kwv nws cov duab."
Language and style of popular science text
Kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nrov yog nyob ze rau qhov nruab nrab, cov ntaub ntawv dav dav, vim tus nyeem ntawv tsuas yog xaiv qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb, nthuav dav, ntu ntawm kev tsim kho keeb kwm. Daim ntawv ntawm kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no yuav tsum nkag mus rau cov tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij, yog li ntawd, kev xaiv cov khoom siv, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thiab cov piv txwv, kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov lus thiab cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb nrov. cov ntaub ntawv, txawv me ntsis ntawm cov ntawv nyeem scientific.
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nrov hauv kev sib piv nrog cov kev tshawb fawb siv lub rooj:
| Science style | Science style |
| Tus sau thiab nyeem ntawv yeej ib txwm paub txog cov ntsiab lus. | Tus sau ua tus kws tshaj lij, tus nyeem ntawv yog "tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij". |
| Muaj ntau ntawm cov lus qhia dav dav thiab cov lus siv, feem ntau nrog cov qauv tsim thiab cov pov thawj. | Cov ntsiab lus tau piav qhia ua hom lus siv tau rau tus nyeem ntawv, cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tau muab yam tsis muajcov ntsiab lus. |
| Neutral style. | Speech expression present. |
Tus nyiam-science style siv ntau yam txhais tau tias yog lub teb chaws cov lus, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm originality tau muab rau nws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv cov txhais tau tias, lub koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm kev tshawb fawb no
Yog li, qhov peculiarities ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv sau ntawv, cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke, ua tsaug rau cov ntawv nyeem "qhuav" thiab meej, nkag siab rau lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Cov qauv kev tshawb fawb nrov yog tsim los ua kom cov lus piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb nkag mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov neeg nyeem lossis cov neeg mloog ("tsuas yog qhov nyuaj"), yog li nws mus txog qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev sau xov xwm style.
