Txhua tus neeg uas xav kawm thiab txhim kho, ib txwm siv zog los kawm yam tshiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws tus kheej. Cov lus yog suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, uas tsis tau tsuas yog ua ib qho kev qhia ntawm erudition rau lub sij hawm ntev, tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis xav txog lub neej. Hauv kab lus no, koj tuaj yeem kawm txog dab tsi archaisms thiab historicisms yog. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem tuaj yeem pab tau rau cov neeg uas xav paub tshwj xeeb.
Historisms
Archaisms thiab historicisms yog ib pawg ntawm cov lus. Nws suav nrog cov lus uas tsis siv sijhawm ntev. Piv txwv li: historicisms - ax; archaisms - zelo, qhov no.
Historicisms suav nrog cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas tau siv los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, thiab niaj hnub no lawv tsuas pom nyob hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Piv txwv li, lo lus "squeaker", uas yog hais txog ib tug ancient hom riam phom siv nyob rau hauv Russia ob peb centuries dhau los. Historicism kuj suav nrog lo lus "ax", qhia txog ib hom kev sib ntaus sib tuaaccessories. Nws yog ib yam dab tsi zoo ib yam li niaj hnub axes, tab sis muaj ob lub ntsej muag.
Yuav ua li cas keeb kwm tshwm sim
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas dhau sij hawm historicisms tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv lub neej, kev lis kev cai, kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab kab lis kev cai. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov khaub ncaws uas ploj lawm - tub rog, caftan, camisole - tsis tau siv lawm, thiab qhov no ua rau ploj ntawm lawv cov npe los ntawm cov lus. Tam sim no cov ntsiab lus no tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm. Muaj ntau lo lus uas tau tso tseg tsis siv, thiab tam sim no lawv tau muab cais ua "historicisms". Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov ntsiab lus uas nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam kev txhawj xeeb serfdom nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntawm lawv - quitrent, corvée, filing.
Archaisms
qeb no suav nrog cov lus uas qhia txog tej yam thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tseem muaj, tab sis nrog cov npe hloov. Piv txwv li, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis yog niaj hnub "qhov no" hais tias "qhov no", thiab "heev" suab zoo li "ntsuab". Historicisms thiab archaisms, piv txwv uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv, yog tsis muaj txhais tau tias ib txwm hloov tag nrho los ntawm lwm cov lus, lawv tsuas yog ib feem ntawm kev hloov. Piv txwv li, phonetically lossis morphologically.
Yuav ua li cas archaisms tshwm sim
Cov lus uas tsis siv lawm no tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias dhau sijhawm cov lus hloov pauv, hloov pauv thiab sib xyaw nrog lwm yam lus. Yog li, qee lo lus raug hloov los ntawm lwm tus, tab sis nrog tib lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov lus uas tau outlived nws tus kheej, tab sis tsisploj tag los ntawm cov lus. Cov lus no tau khaws cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Txhawm rau tsim cov dab neeg keeb kwm, lawv tsim nyog tag nrho kom koj tuaj yeem tsim qhov tsw ntawm lub sijhawm tau piav qhia.
Phonetic archaisms
hom no suav nrog cov lus niaj hnub thiab cov ntsiab lus uas txawv ntawm cov uas tsis siv los ntawm ob peb lub suab, qee zaum tsuas yog ib qho xwb. Piv txwv li, lo lus xws li "piit" tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov suab paj nruag archaisms, uas thaum kawg hloov mus ua "poet", thiab "hluav taws" hloov mus ua "hluav taws".
Morphological archaisms
qeb no suav nrog cov lus uas dhau los hauv lawv cov qauv. Cov no suav nrog lub npe "kev siab phem" uas tau dhau los ua "ntau", cov lus hais tias "ntsoos" uas hloov mus rau "nce siab", cov lus qhia "ua kom tawg" uas tam sim no suab zoo li "collapse" thiab ntau lwm tus.
Semantic archaisms
Archaisms thiab historicisms, piv txwv ntawm cov lus pom nyob txhua qhov chaw, feem ntau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus tseeb dhau sijhawm. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub "kev txaj muag" txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li "spectacle", thaum lub qub "zoo tib yam" txhais tau tias ib yam dab tsi uas tau ua nyob rau hauv ib hnub (piv txwv li, "txoj kev zoo tib yam"), thiab tsis yog "zoo tib yam".
siv niaj hnub
Qee lub sij hawm cov lus tsis siv lawm no hloov pauv ntau heev uas lawv pib siv lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Qhov no tuaj yeem hais txog ob qho tib si archaisms thiab historicisms. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog lo lus "dynasty". Qee lub sij hawm dhau los nws tau tso tseg tsis siv, tab sis tam sim no nws rov qab siv dua. Yog tias ua ntej nws tsuas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov lus xws li "huab tais" thiab "monarchical", tam sim no qhov kev siv tau nthuav dav heev. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem hnov txog dynasty ntawm lumberjacks lossis miners, uas txhais tau hais tias txoj haujlwm no tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm leej txiv mus rau tub. Qee zaum cov lus tsis siv lawm kuj tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg.
Stable expressions
Cov lus tsis siv lawm txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm tag nrho hauv cov lus ua ib feem ntawm cov kab lus teeb tsa. Yog li, qee qhov historicism tau khaws cia. Piv txwv li: lo lus "buckles" yog tseem siv nyob rau hauv cov lus raws li ib feem ntawm cov kab lus "sib ntaus cov bucks", uas txhais tau tias "mus ncig". Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev qhia ruaj khov "kom ua kom muaj kev dag", uas yog, "hais lus tsis tu ncua."
Degeneration VS Rebirth
Nws kuj tshwm sim hais tias cov lus uas cov kws paub lus tau ua siab loj rau cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tau rov qab los siv vim tias cov ntsiab lus uas lawv tau hais tseg tau pib siv dua. Qhov no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias muaj qee yam tshiab tau tsim uas yog qee txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam lossis cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim tsis siv. Tam sim no cov lus no tsis tshua zoo li historicisms. Piv txwv: kev siab hlub yav tsaus ntuj, midshipman.
Zoo kawg
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txawm hais tias tag nrho cov lus hais saum toj no tsis siv lawm yog ib txheej txheej ntawm cov lus, lawv tsis tas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws. Nyeem tej hauj lwm ntawm xws li eminent sau ntawv li Tolstoy,Dostoevsky los yog Mayakovsky, ib tug muaj peev xwm heev tuaj hla historicisms thiab archaisms, thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub meej lub tswv yim uas tus sau xav qhia, ib tug yuav tsum paub txog lawv lub ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj tuaj hla ib lo lus tsis paub, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los sab laj phau ntawv txhais lus muaj cai.
