Cov lus qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas ua rau muaj ntau yam kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb, uas cuam tshuam rau txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab cov qauv thiab qhia tag nrho cov txheej txheem, yog cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.
Ob hom kev tshawb fawb
Txhua qhov kev paub uas xav tau kev tshawb fawb theoretical thiab kev sim tshawb fawb, kev tshawb nrhiav cov qauv ua lub luag haujlwm rau cov qauv, cov qauv, qauv, cov khoom sib xyaw, cov khoom, nrog rau cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog lawv, yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Qhov no siv rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm feem ntau natural sciences thiab humanities. Kev tshawb fawb hauv paus ua haujlwm los nthuav cov tswv yim thiab theoretical txog kev kawm.
Tab sis muaj lwm yam kev paub txog kev kawm. Qhov no yog siv kev tshawb fawbtsom rau kev daws teeb meem kev sib raug zoo thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau lub hom phiaj kev paub ntawm noob neej txog kev muaj tiag, txhim kho lawv cov theoretical systematization. Nws lub hom phiaj yog piav qhia, piav qhia thiab kwv yees qee cov txheej txheem lossis cov xwm txheej, qhov uas nws tshawb pom cov cai thiab theoretically qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm lawv lub hauv paus. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov kev tshawb fawb tsom rau kev siv tswv yim ntawm cov postulates uas cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb muab.
Department
Qhov kev faib tawm no rau hauv kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog qhov ua tau zoo, vim tias yav tas los feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab raws li qhov qub, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb kuj tau txais ntau zaus. Kawm txog cov qauv hauv paus thiab muab cov ntsiab lus dav dav, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav luag ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab txuas ntxiv ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom ncaj qha rau hauv kev xyaum, thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem thaum qhov no tshwm sim: yaj chocolate tam sim no nrog hluav taws xob microwave, zoo li Percy Spencer, lossis tos. Yuav luag tsib puas xyoo los ntawm 1665 mus rau kev ya mus rau cov ntiaj chaw nyob sib ze, zoo li Giovanni Cassini nrog nws nrhiav pom ntawm Great Red Spot ntawm Jupiter.
Txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab siv tau yuav luag tsis muaj tseeb. Txhua yam kev tshawb fawb tshiab ua ntej txhim kho qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tom qab ntawd txav mus rau hauv cov tswv yim daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv quantum mechanics, uas tshwm sim raws li ib yam ntawm yuav luag paub daws teeb ceg ntawm physics, tsis muaj leej twg pom ib yam dab tsi pab tau thaum xub thawj, tab sis tsis txawm ib xyoo caum dhau los ua ntej txhua yam hloov. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg xav hais tias nuclear physicssai sai thiab dav siv hauv kev xyaum. Kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb muaj kev sib cuam tshuam, qhov kawg yog lub hauv paus (foundation) rau yav dhau los.
RFBR
Kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev teeb tsa zoo, thiab Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb tau nyob hauv ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nws cov qauv. RFBR suav nrog txhua yam ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb, uas ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txawj ntse tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws thiab muab cov kws tshawb fawb nrog kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tshwj xeeb tias Lavxias Foundation rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb tau siv cov txheej txheem sib tw los pab nyiaj txiag kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev, thiab txhua yam haujlwm raug soj ntsuam los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tiag tiag, uas yog, cov tswvcuab hwm ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm RFBR yog los ua kev xaiv los ntawm kev sib tw rau qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws uas xa los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm nws feem, kev koom tes thiab kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag ntawm cov haujlwm uas yeej qhov kev sib tw ua raws.
Chaw Pabcuam
Cov Nyiaj Pab rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb txhawb cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau qhov kev paub.
1. Computer Science, Mechanical, lej.
2. Astronomy thiab physics.
3. Materials Science thiab Chemistry.
4. Kev kho mob science thiab biology.
5. Geosciences.
6. Human thiab social sciences.
7. Computing systems thiabxov xwm technology.
8. Fundamentals of engineering sciences.
Nws yog lub hauv paus kev txhawb nqa uas txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho hauv tsev, yog li kev xav thiab kev xyaum ua kom sib npaug. Tsuas yog hauv lawv qhov kev sib cuam tshuam yog muaj kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb.
New destinations
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab siv tau hloov pauv tsis yog cov qauv hauv paus ntawm kev paub thiab cov qauv ntawm kev xav txog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj yog tag nrho cov duab scientific hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov no tshwm sim ntau thiab ntau zaus, thiab "culprits" rau qhov no yog qhov tshiab ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb uas tsis tau paub rau leej twg nag hmo, uas ib puas xyoo dhau los tau nce nrhiav lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev txhim kho kev siv sciences. Yog tias koj saib ze ntawm keeb kwm ntawm physics, koj tuaj yeem pom kev hloov pauv tiag tiag.
Lawv yog cov uas qhia txog kev txhim kho ntawm ntau cov lus qhia tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, uas yog vim muaj kev nce nrawm hauv kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Thiab ntau thiab ntau sai lawv tau embodied nyob rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Dyson tau sau tias nws siv sijhawm 50-100 xyoo los ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb mus rau kev siv thev naus laus zis loj. Tam sim no lub sij hawm zoo li muaj compressed: los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb foundations mus rau kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm, cov txheej txheem yuav siv qhov chaw cia ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag. Thiab tag nrho vim tias txoj kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau hloov pauv.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm RFBR
Thawj zaugxaiv cov haujlwm ntawm kev sib tw, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm txhua yam haujlwm xa mus rau kev sib tw yog tsim thiab pom zoo, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau npaj rau kev sib tw. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pab nyiaj txiag ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab cov haujlwm raug xaiv tau ua nrog kev tswj xyuas tom qab siv cov nyiaj faib.
Kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau tsim thiab txhawb nqa, qhov no suav nrog nyiaj txiag ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ntawm cov dej num no tab tom npaj thiab tshaj tawm, thiab lawv tau muab faib dav. Lub Foundation tau koom tes nrog kev tsim lub xeev txoj cai hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm, uas ua rau txoj hauv kev luv luv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv paus rau kev tshwm sim ntawm thev naus laus zis.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb yeej ib txwm muaj kev ruaj ntseg los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog hauv pej xeem lub neej. Technology yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb, vim nws yog nws uas txav kev vam meej, kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab rau pem hauv ntej. Tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb - tsis muaj daim ntawv thov, yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis.
Ntxiv mus raws cov saw: kev txhim kho kev lag luam, kev tsim khoom, kev loj hlob ntawm zej zog. Kev tshawb fawb hauv paus muaj tag nrho cov qauv ntawm kev paub, uas tsim cov qauv ntawm kev ua. Nyob rau hauv classical physics, tus qauv pib pib yog cov tswv yim yooj yim tshaj plaws txog atoms raws li cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem ntxiv rau cov kev cai ntawm mechanics ntawm cov khoom taw tes. Txij ntawm no mus, physics pib nws txoj kev loj hlob, tsim ib qho kev pib tshiabcov qauv thiab ntau ntxiv.
Muaj thiab sib cais
Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem dav dav uas ua rau kev txhim kho kev paub. Kev tshawb fawb tau nce mus rau qhov dav dav dua, txhua hnub ua rau nws nyuaj rau nws cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm, zoo ib yam li kev ua neej nyob, muaj kev sib koom siab heev. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm no? Txhua lub cev muaj ntau lub tshuab thiab subsystems. Ib txhia txhawb lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug active, nquag, nyob rau hauv lub xeev - thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov no yog lawv muaj nuj nqi. Lwm tus yog tsom rau kev cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, yog li hais lus - ntawm cov metabolism. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, tib yam tshwm sim.
Muaj subsystems uas txhawb kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej hauv lub xeev nquag, thiab muaj lwm tus - lawv raug coj los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb sab nraud, xws li suav nrog hauv cov dej num extraneous. Kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog tsom rau cov kev txaus siab thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ntawm kev txhawb nqa nws txoj haujlwm, thiab qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub thiab kev xav dav dav, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua. Qhov no yog li cas los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "kev tshawb fawb dawb huv" lossis "kev paub txog kev paub txog kev paub." Cov kev tshawb fawb siv yog ib txwm coj mus rau sab nraud, lawv sib xyaw txoj kev xav nrog tib neeg cov kev ua ub no, uas yog, nrog kev tsim khoom, yog li hloov lub ntiaj teb.
Feedback
Cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshiab kuj tau tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv, txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem no yog fraught nrog teeb meem ntawm lub tswv yim kev txawj ntse. Feem ntau hauvCov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb muaj ntau daim ntawv thov, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem twv ua ntej uas lawv yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv hauv kev txhim kho theoretical kev paub. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov xwm txheej nthuav uas tab tom ua zoo hauv physics niaj hnub no. Nws txoj kev xav tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm microprocesses yog quantum.
Nws hloov pauv tag nrho txoj kev xav hauv lub cev kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Nws muaj ntau yam kev siv ntau yam, txhua tus uas sim "pocket" tag nrho cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ntu ntawm theoretical physics. Thiab ntau tus twb tau ua tiav ntawm txoj kev no. Kev siv ntawm quantum txoj kev xav, ib qho tom qab, tsim cov kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv paus: lub xeev lub cev physics, theem pib, nrog rau physics nrog astronomy, physics nrog biology, thiab ntau ntxiv tuaj. Yuav ua li cas ib tug tsis tuaj yeem xaus tias quantum mechanics tau hloov pauv kev xav ntawm lub cev.
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov lus qhia
keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txhim kho cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Qhov no suav nrog classical mechanics, uas qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab cov cai ntawm kev txav ntawm macrobodies, thiab thermodynamics nrog nws thawj cov cai ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal, thiab electrodynamics nrog cov txheej txheem electromagnetic, ob peb lo lus twb tau hais txog quantum mechanics, tab sis yuav tsum tau hais ntau npaum li cas. hais txog caj ces! Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm qhov ntev ntawm thaj chaw tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.
Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog yuav luag txhua yam tshiabkev tshawb fawb coj mus rau qhov muaj zog ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb siv, thiab yuav luag txhua qhov kev paub tau raug them. Raws li tib yam classical mechanics, piv txwv li, tau txais nws cov hauv paus, lawv tau pib siv nws hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau lub tshuab thiab khoom siv. Los ntawm no tuaj txog cov neeg kho tshuab ntawm kev tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua, mechanics ntawm cov khib nyiab, hydromechanics thiab ntau qhov chaw. Los yog coj cov kev taw qhia tshiab - organismics, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb academy ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Kev sib tw
Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam tau hais tias kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam hauv xyoo kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no tau sib koom ua ke, thiab vim li no, kev sib koom ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm qib siab ntiag tug thiab cov qauv kev lag luam tau nce. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev paub sib koom ua ke nrog kev kawm, txij li yav tas los cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev xav thiab kev tsim cov kev paub, yam tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav, lossis kev txiav txim, lossis kev siv cov kev paub uas twb muaj lawm rau lub hom phiaj siv tau.
Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb nrog nws cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no, hloov pauv txawm tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav xav. Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yuav tsum muaj cov lus qhia rau yav tom ntej, kom deb li deb tau. Cov kev kwv yees, tau kawg, tsis tuaj yeem hnyav, tab sis kev txhim kho scenarios yuav tsum tau tsim. Ib qho ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau ua. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog xam cov kev tshwm sim. Xav txog cov creators ntawm lub foob pob atomic. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho cov feem ntau tsis paub, complex, feem ntaunthuav kev vam meej inevitably txav mus tom ntej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub lub hom phiaj kom raug.
