John Napier (daim duab ntawm nws cov duab yog muab tso rau tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm) yog ib tug Scottish lej, kws sau ntawv thiab kev ntseeg. Nws tau nto moo rau kev tsim lub tswv yim ntawm logarithms ua ib qho cuab yeej siv lej los pab suav nrog.
John Napier: biography
Yug xyoo 1550 ntawm Merchiston Castle, ze Edinburgh (Scotland), rau Sir Archibald Napier thiab Janet Bothwell. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoos, John nkag mus hauv University of St. Andrews, tab sis nws nyob ntawd tej zaum yuav luv luv, thiab nws raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev kawm siab dua.
Ntawm Napier lub neej thaum ntxov, me ntsis paub, tab sis nws ntseeg tias nws mus txawv tebchaws, raws li kev cai ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Scottish nobility. Nws paub tias los ntawm 1571 nws twb rov qab los tsev thiab siv nws lub neej tas li nyob rau hauv Merchiston lossis hauv Gartness. Xyoo tom qab, John Napier tau sib yuav Elizabeth Stirling, uas yug tau ib tug tub thiab ib tug ntxhais. Ob peb xyoos tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag hauv 1579, Napier tau sib yuav nws tus txheeb ze Agnes. Qhov kev sib yuav thib ob coj ob peb kaum tus menyuam, cov ntxhais thiab cov tub sib npaug. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Napier txiv hauv 1608, nws thiab nws tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Merchiston Castle hauv Edinburgh, qhov chaw nws nyob mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub.
Kev ntseeg thiab kev tsim kho
Lub neej ntawm John Napier tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum muaj kev sib cav txog kev ntseeg. Ib tug nyiam thiab tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog Protestant hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lub Koom Txoos Roman, nws tsis nrhiav kev nyiam thiab tsis koom nrog kev siab hlub. Nws paub zoo tias Vajntxwv James VI ntawm Scotland vam tias yuav nkag mus rau Elizabeth I rau lub zwm txwv Askiv, thiab nws tau xav tias nws tau nrhiav kev pab los ntawm Catholic Philip II, Vajntxwv Spain, kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no. Lub rooj sib tham dav dav ntawm pawg ntseeg Scottish, uas Napier tau koom nrog, thov kom huab tais tawm tsam cov Catholics, thiab Yauhas tau los ua peb zaug ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg uas tau tshaj tawm rau huab tais txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab hais kom nws hais tias kev ncaj ncees yuav tsum. ua rau cov yeeb ncuab ntawm pawg ntseeg Vajtswv.
tsab ntawv rau Vajntxwv
Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1594, John Napier tau sau ntawv mus rau Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Scotland uas nws tau tsim nws "Kev Qhia Yooj Yim ntawm Tag Nrho Tshwm Sim ntawm Saint John". Kev ua haujlwm, uas yuav tsum nruj me ntsis kev tshawb fawb, tau suav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv nws, Napier tau sau tias: "Cia qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb loj heev ntawm koj lub tebchaws yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb tas li ntawm Koj Tus Huab Tais, thiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, koj tus Huab tais ntawm koj tus kheej lub tsev, tsev neeg thiab lub tsev hais plaub, nrog rau kev ua kom huv si ntawm txhua qhov kev ua xyem xyav. ntawm papism, atheism thiab neutrality, uas yog Tshwmsim kwv yees hais tias lawv cov lej yuav tsum tau nce ntau heev nyob rau hauv hnub kawg no."
Daim yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Scottish ecclesiastical.
riam phom txhim kho
Tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm "Yooj Yimpiav qhia, "nws zoo li tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim riam phom zais cia ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Cov ntawv sau, tam sim no tuav ntawm Lambeth Palace hauv London, muaj cov ntaub ntawv kos npe los ntawm John Napier. Dab tsi tus lej Scottish tau tsim tawm yog qhov tseeb los ntawm cov npe ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tsim los ntawm "kev hlub ntawm Vajtswv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv" los tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws. Ntawm lawv yog ob hom iav incendiary, ib feem ntawm cov phom loj, thiab ib lub tsheb loj hlau uas tuaj yeem tua tau los ntawm qhov me me.
Kev pab rau lej
John Napier mob siab rau ntau xyoo ntawm nws lub neej rau kev kawm lej, tshwj xeeb, rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem los pab kev suav, qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm logarithms, uas niaj hnub no muaj lub npe ntawm nws tus tsim. Nws pib ua hauj lwm rau nws, tej zaum thaum ntxov li 1594, maj mam txhim kho nws lub computer system, nyob rau hauv uas cov hauv paus hniav, cov khoom, thiab quotients ntawm cov xov tooj yuav muab xam sai sai siv cov ntxhuav ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug tsau tooj siv raws li lub hauv paus.
Nws txoj kev koom tes rau cov cuab yeej ua lej muaj zog no tau teeb tsa hauv ob qhov kev kho mob: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ("Phau ntawv piav qhia ntawm cov canons zoo ntawm logarithms"), luam tawm xyoo 1614, nrog rau Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio ("Tsim ntawm qhov zoo kawg nkaus canons ntawm logarithms"), uas tau luam tawm ob xyoos tom qab tus sau tuag. Hauv thawj daim ntawv, tus kws lej Scottish tau piav qhia txog cov kauj ruam uas coj mus rau nws qhov kev tsim.
Yooj yim rau suav
Logarithms yuav tsum muajkom yooj yim rau kev xam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sib npaug, uas yog tsim nyog rau astronomy. Napier nrhiav pom tias lub hauv paus rau qhov kev suav no yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua lej lej - ib ntu ntawm cov lej, txhua tus uas suav nrog qhov kev nce qib geometric los ntawm yav dhau los los ntawm kev muab nws los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 1 (piv txwv li, qhov sib lawv liag. 2, 4, 8, 16 …), lossis tsawg dua 1 (piv txwv li 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2…).
Hauv Kev piav qhia, ntxiv rau kev piav qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm logarithms, John Napier txwv nws tus kheej los teev cov kev siv ntawm lawv. Nws tau cog lus tias yuav piav qhia txoj hauv kev uas lawv tau tsim ua hauv ib qho haujlwm tom qab. Nws yog Constructio, uas tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas rau nws txoj kev siv tus lej lej kom cais cov feem ntawm cov lej los ntawm tus lej. Decimals twb tau qhia los ntawm Flemish engineer thiab mathematician Simon Stevin nyob rau hauv 1586, tab sis nws notation yog cumbersome. Nws yog ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv Constructio siv lub dot ua tus cais. Tus kws lej Swiss Just Bürgi nws tus kheej tau tsim nws tus kheej lub logarithms ntawm 1603 thiab 1611, uas nws luam tawm xyoo 1620. Tab sis Napier ua haujlwm rau lawv ua ntej Bürgi, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tau muab rau nws vim hnub tshaj tawm ua ntej xyoo 1614.
Rhabdology thiab Trigonometry
Txawm tias John Napier qhov kev tsim ntawm logarithms outshines tag nrho nws lwm txoj haujlwm, nws txoj kev koom tes rau lej tsis txwv rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv 1617 nws luam tawm nws Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per Virgulas Libri Duo ("Rabdology, los yog Ob Phau Ntawv ntawm suav nrogsticks", 1667), nyob rau hauv uas nws piav qhia txog tus thawj txoj kev ntawm kev sib faib thiab faib los ntawm me me oblong rods, muab faib los ntawm transverse kab rau hauv 9 squares nrog cov zauv luam tawm rau lawv. Lub npe hu ua Napier's sticks, cov khoom suav no yog cov thawj coj ntawm txoj cai swb.
Nws kuj tau koom tes tseem ceeb rau cov duab plaub fab, tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev txo cov lej sib npaug siv los qhia qhov sib piv trigonometric los ntawm kaum mus rau ob. Nws kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov qauv trigonometric ntawm Napier piv, tab sis nws zoo li tus lej Askiv tus lej Henry Briggs kuj tau koom nrog hauv lawv qhov kev sau ua ke.
John Napier tuag rau lub Plaub Hlis 4, 1617 ntawm Merchiston Castle.
