Phau Ntawv Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Lub Sij Hawm ntawm Duke of Berry yog qhov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tej zaum qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Fab Kis Gothic sau ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj, yog qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm theem kawg ntawm kev txhim kho Gothic. Qhov no yog ib phau ntawv teev - ib phau ntawm kev thov Vajtswv hais nyob rau hauv lub canonical teev. Nws tau txib los ntawm Duke J. ntawm Berry rau cov kwv tij me me Paul, Jean thiab Erman ntawm Limbourg ntawm 1410 thiab 1411.
Thaum peb tus kws ua yeeb yam thiab lawv tus neeg txhawb nqa tuag rau xyoo 1416, tej zaum los ntawm tus kab mob plague, cov ntawv sau tseg tsis tiav. Nws tau ua tiav tom qab xyoo 1440 los ntawm tus kws kos duab tsis qhia npe ntseeg los ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm kos duab los ua Barthélemy d'Eyck (los yog van Eyck). Nyob rau hauv 1485-1489 Phau Ntawv Teev tau raug coj mus rau nws lub xeev tam sim no los ntawm tus kws kos duab Jean Colombe sawv cev ntawm Duke of Savoy. Phau ntawv, tau los ntawm Duke of Omal xyoo 1856, tam sim no muaj nyob hauv Musée de Condé, Chantilly, Fabkis. "Lub Sijhawm Zoo Kawg Nkaus ntawm Duke of Berry", piav qhia txog lub caij nyoog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej medieval, yog ib qho haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab cim ntawm kev kos duab.
Backstory
Paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb raws li Limburg cov kwv tij, Paul, Jean thiab Herman Limburg yog cov kws kos duab me me uas muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm nyob rau xyoo 14th thiab thaum ntxov 15th centuries. Ua ke lawv tsim ib phau ntawv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm Gothic lig. Cov kwv tij yog keeb kwm los ntawm lub nroog Nijmegen, tam sim no ib feem ntawm lub Netherlands. Lawv los ntawm ib tsev neeg muaj tswv yim - lawv txiv yog ib tug sculptor thiab lawv niam txiv ntxawm yog ib tug neeg pleev kob nto moo uas ua hauj lwm rau Philip lub Bold, Duke ntawm Burgundy.
Los ntawm nruab nrab-1400s txog rau nruab nrab-1800s, cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov kwv tij tau ploj mus rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm, txog rau thaum xyoo 1856 muaj ib phau ntawv teev hawm, Duke of Omalsky, tau txais ib qho ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm - qhov tseeb, tib phau ntawv teev (Très Riches Heures). Qhov kev yuav khoom no, thiab tom qab ntawd luam tawm cov ntawv sau-phau ntawv teev, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau tus kheej ntawm nws cov neeg tsim khoom. Txawm hais tias lub xyoo yug tiag tiag ntawm cov kwv tij tsis paub, nws ntseeg tias tag nrho peb tus neeg tuag vim yog tus nthwv dej ntawm tus kab mob plague uas ntaus Europe hauv 1416. Lawv tag nrho tej zaum qis dua 30.
Nyob hauv lawv lub neej luv luv, lawv tau tswj hwm los tsim ntau yam haujlwm nyuaj thiab zoo heev. Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov kwv tij no (tsawg kawg yog Jean thiab Herman) tau pib thaum lawv tau los ua tub txib thaum tseem hluas mus rau Parisian goldsmith. Kev cob qhia ib txwm ntawm cov kws ua txuj ci hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog feem ntau siv sijhawm li xya xyoo.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov no yog lub sijhawm ntxhov siab, thiab tom qab ob xyoos xwb cov tub hluas raug xa mus tsev,Thaum tus kab mob plague tau tshwm sim hauv Paris xyoo 1399. Ntawm lawv txoj kev mus tsev rau Nijmegen, lawv raug ntes hauv Brussels, qhov chaw muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Jean thiab Herman raug kaw hauv tsev lojcuj, yuav tsum tau them nqe txhiv rau lawv. Vim tias lawv niam tsis ntev los no tsis muaj nyiaj txaus los them tus nqe txhiv, cov tub hluas raug kaw tau txog rau lub hlis. Thaum kawg, Philip tus Bold, Duke ntawm Burgundy, lawv txiv ntxawm Jean tus thawj coj, tau them ib nrab tus nqe txhiv.
Nkauj thiab cov jewelers los ntawm lawv lub zos them lwm ib nrab. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias tom qab tso tawm, cov tub ntxhais hluas tau mus rau Ltalis. Tom qab nws tso tawm, Philip tus Bold tau txib peb cov kwv tij los tsim ib phau ntawv me me nyob rau plaub xyoos. Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias nws yog lub npe hu ua Moralize Bible (Moralized Bible), uas tam sim no khaws cia hauv National Library of France.
Thaum Philip tus Bold tuag hauv 1404, lub neej yav tom ntej tsis paub tseeb rau cov kwv tij thiab lawv txiv ntxawm, tab sis thaum kawg Philip tus tij laug - Jean de France, Duke of Berry (lossis Berry) - tau tuav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hluas. Lawv tsim rau nws "The Fine Watch of Jean de France", lossis "The Luxurious Book of Teev ntawm Duke of Berry". Keeb kwm ntawm cov kwv tij ntawm Limburg yog inextricably txuas nrog cov nplua nuj thiab muaj zog Duke of Berry, ib tug loj kos duab patron thiab avid sau, thiab nrog rau cov ntawv sau lawv tsim rau nws.
Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm
Belles Heures ("Books of Teev") - ib phau ntawv nrov heev nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov no yog, qhov tseeb, phau ntawv thov Vajtswv (nrog kev thov Vajtswv thiabkev nyeem ntawv rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm ib hnub), thiab nws muaj lub sijhawm "Tsev Virgin" (cov ntawv sau nkauj nrog cov lus qhia thiab kev thov Vajtswv), daim ntawv qhia hnub, cov qauv ntawm kev nyeem los ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo, cov nkauj zoo nkauj thiab zaj nkauj (lossis qee qhov ntawm lawv variations). Cov no yog cov khoom me me ntawm kev kos duab tsim rau kev siv tus kheej, thiab feem ntau muaj ntau qhov kev sib tham tsis zoo ua tib zoo sau rau ntawm parchment.
Phau Ntawv Teev yog rau tus kheej, siv kev cai dab qhuas - nws tsis yog lub ntim liturgical. Raws li txoj cai, cov phau ntawv no yog me me.
Xaiv haujlwm
Cov kwv tij Limburg ua tiav Belles Heures ("Zoo Zoo Nkauj") nyob ib ncig ntawm 1409 - nws tsuas yog ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm xwb. Lub Duke of Berry tau tshaj tawm lwm phau ntawv rau kev pe hawm hauv 1411 lossis 1412, uas tau dhau los ua Cov Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Duke of Berry, tej zaum yog tus piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Gothic illumination.
Txawm hais tias ob phau ntawv sau (Belles Heures thiab Trés Riches Heures) tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom tseeb thiab zoo li tsawg kawg yog ib tus kwv tij (tej zaum Paul, txij li nws yog tus hlob), siv sijhawm qee lub sijhawm hauv Ltalis kawm Renaissance masters xws li Pietro Lorenzetti.
Ua li ntawd, qhov style ntawm phau ntawv teev hloov pauv ntawm nplooj ntawv mus rau nplooj ntawv - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev piav qhia ntawm toj roob hauv pes. Qhov no ua rau nws yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gothic Revival art.
Kev piav qhia
Cov ntawv sau muaj 206 daim ntawv parchment zoo heevzoo, 30 cm (12 nti) siab thiab 21.5 cm (8.5 nti) dav, muaj 66 qhov loj me thiab 65 me me. Kev tsim ntawm phau ntawv, uas yog qhov nyuaj heev, tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv thiab hloov kho. Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam tau pab txhawb rau cov khoom me me, sau ntawv sau, sau npe, thiab cov qauv ntawm Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm, tab sis kev txiav txim siab tus naj npawb ntawm kev hloov kho thiab kev hloov pauv tseem yog qhov kev sib cav.
Recognition
Tom qab peb lub xyoo dhau los ntawm qhov tsis meej, Lub Sijhawm Loj ntawm Duke of Berry tau txais kev lees paub dav dav nyob rau xyoo kaum cuaj thiab nees nkaum xyoo pua, txawm hais tias Musée Condé tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim rau pej xeem. Nws cov duab me me tau pab tsim cov duab zoo ib yam ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe. Cov duab me me no qhia txog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau cov aristocrats hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws xws li, tiv thaiv cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev medieval zoo kawg li.
Ntau nrov
Lub "golden age" ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm 1350-1480; Phau Ntawv Teev Npe tau nrov hauv Fab Kis ib ncig ntawm 1400. Lub sijhawm no, ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam Fab Kis loj tau coj mus rau qhov pom ntawm cov ntawv sau. Tag nrho cov no tsis yog nyob rau hauv vain. Lawv cov qub txeeg qub teg nyob rau.
Jean, Duke of Berry, yog Fabkis tus thawj tswj hwm, uas tau tsim Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj. Nws siv nws cov hluas nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm kos duab thiab ntaub ntawv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm duke nyob rau hauv 1416, ib tug zaum kawg cov lus nug tau ua nyob rau hauv nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thaum lub sij hawm uas cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav thiab tsis muaj feem xyuam nrog lub npe hu ua "Lub Sijhawm Zoo ntawm Duke of Berry" kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov sau los ntawm 15. Lwm cov phau ntawv hauv phau ntawv sau, suav nrog cov uas los ntawm lub npe hu ua Belles Heures ("Lub Sijhawm Zoo Nkauj") thiab Petit Heures ("Small Teev").
Qhov chaw
Lub Duke ntawm Berry Phau Ntawv Zoo Kawg Nkaus tau hloov ob peb zaug txij li nws pib. Cov rooj sib tham yeej muaj nyob ntawm Berry lub cuab yeej cuab tam tom qab tus duke tuag hauv 1416, tab sis nws tsis paub meej tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws ua ntej 1485.
Discovery keeb kwm
Thaum tus neeg sau npe hu ua Aumale pom cov ntawv sau hauv Genoa, nws muaj peev xwm lees paub tias nws yog cov cuab yeej ntawm Duke of Berry, tej zaum vim tias nws tau paub txog cov txheej txheem ntawm lwm cov ntawv sau los ntawm Duke phau ntawv luam tawm hauv 1834 ib. Nws muab sijhawm rau tus kws sau keeb kwm German kos duab Gustav Friedrich Waagen los tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau hauv Orleans, thiab tom qab ntawd Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj tau hais txog thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Nws kuj tau nthuav tawm xyoo 1862 ntawm Club des Beaux-Arts hauv Paris.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov ntawv sau pom nrog "Cov Ntawv Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Lub Sij Hawm ntawm Duke of Berry" tau teev nyob rau hauv cov khoom muag ntawm 1416 tau ua los ntawm Leopold Victor Delisle ntawm National Library of France, uas tau tshaj tawm rau Aumale hauv Xyoo 1881. Qhov no tau ua raws li ib tsab xov xwm hauv 1884 hauv Gazette des Beaux-Arts.
Cov ntawv sau tau txaus siab rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv peb tshooj kab lus hais txog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv paub dhau los ntawm Duke of Berry thiab tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv, nrog plaub daim phiaj hauv heliogravure. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv cov duab kos tau nyob ntawm qhov kos npe "Thov Vajtswv rau lub Chalice". Hauv Phau Ntawv Teev Npe DukeBerry" tau them nyiaj ntau rau cov xwm txheej los ntawm Tswv Yexus lub neej.
Publication
A monograph nrog 65 daim phiaj heliogravure tau luam tawm los ntawm Paul Durriot hauv xyoo 1904, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev koom tes hauv kev nthuav qhia loj ntawm Gothic kos duab hauv Fab Kis lub nroog. Muaj nws tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm 12 daim phiaj los ntawm Durrio's monograph, txij li cov xwm txheej ntawm Aumale yuav txwv tsis pub xa tawm ntawm Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm los ntawm Chantilly.
Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj tau dhau los ua neeg muaj koob meej thiab paub tau. Nws thawj xim luam tawm siv cov txheej txheem ntawm photogravure tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1940 hauv Fab Kis kos duab peb lub hlis twg luam tawm Verve. Txhua qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm zoo nkauj no raug nqi peb puas francs. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1948, cov ntawv xov xwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas kev yees duab Lub neej tau luam tawm tag nrho nplooj ntawv luam tawm ntawm 12 daim ntawv qhia hnub, me ntsis loj dua lawv qhov loj me, tab sis tsis zoo heev.
Influenced by American censors of the time, the magazine censored one of the images by airbrushing a peasant's genitals in an image of Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj. Qhov kev txiav txim no tau thuam heev txog kev hwm rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab, txij li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm "Zoo Siab Sijhawm ntawm Duke of Berry" yog lub caij nyoog thiab lub neej medieval, thiab tsis yog erotic motifs.
Lub Musée Condé tshem tawm Cov Sijhawm los ntawm pej xeem cov zaub hauv xyoo 1980, hloov nws nrog daim ntawv tiav. Art historian Michael Kamil sib cav tias qhov kev txiav txim siab no ua tiav qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm txoj haujlwm no, uas tau paub los ntawm kev tsim tawm, nrog rau cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tau luam tawm hauv qhov tsis meej.magazines.
Lwm tus kws kos duab
Nyob rau xyoo 1884, Léopold Delisle piv cov ntawv sau nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom hauv cov lus nug uas tau muab sau ua ke tom qab kev tuag ntawm Duke of Berry.
Folio 75 ntawm Phau Ntawv Zoo Kawg Nkaus Teev ntawm Duke of Berry suav nrog cov duab ntawm Charles kuv, Duke ntawm Savoy, thiab nws tus poj niam. Lawv sib yuav nyob rau hauv 1485, tab sis lub duke tuag nyob rau hauv 1489. Tus kws kos duab thib ob uas ua haujlwm hauv phau ntawv teev teev tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm Paul Durrieu li Jean Colomb, uas tau them 25 daim kub los ntawm Duke of Berry los piav txog qhov hu ua "canonical teev" - phau ntawv thov Vajtswv tshwj xeeb nrog lub sijhawm. Lub ntuj-xiav keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm Duke of Berry Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm fascinated cov neeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ua rau cov neeg niaj hnub pleev xim rau thiab tsis siv rau kev kos duab classical.
Duab Ntxoo Master
Tus "tus kws kos duab nruab nrab" uas tau pab rau Lub Sijhawm hu ua Tus Tswv ntawm Duab Ntxoo (vim duab ntxoov ntxoo yog ib feem ntawm nws cov qauv), thiab feem ntau pom tias yog Barthelemy (Bartholomew) van Eyck. Nws yog ib tug naas ej Dutch miniaturist. Nws txoj haujlwm tau nthuav tawm thiab tau txais koob meej thaum ntxov li xyoo 1420. Tus kws kos duab nruab nrab no ntseeg tau tias tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau qee zaum ntawm 1416 thiab 1485.
Cov pov thawj ntawm kev kos duab, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ris tsho, qhia tias qee qhov me me tau pleev xim los ntawm nws, thiab tsis yog los ntawm Limburgsky cov kwv tij. Cov duab hauv cov khoom me me rau Lub Ib Hlis, Plaub Hlis, Tsib Hlis thiab Lub Yim Hli yog hnav raws li cov qauv ntawm 1420. Cov duab ntawm Lub Kaum Hli yog hnav nrogsaib rov qab ntawm austere zam ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua kaum tsib.
Nws paub tias cov phau ntawv teev poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Charles VII tom qab kev tuag ntawm Duke of Berry, thiab nws tau xav tias tus kws ua yeeb yam hauv nruab nrab (Master of Shadows) tau txuas nrog nws lub tsev hais plaub.
khoom
Parchment siv rau tag nrho 206 nplooj ntawv ntawm Duke of Berry Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm yog cov tawv nqaij tawv nqaij zoo. Tag nrho cov nplooj ntawv yog tag nrho cov duab plaub, lawv cov npoo tsis zoo thiab raug txiav los ntawm qhov loj loj. Cov folio yog 30 cm siab thiab 21.5 cm dav, txawm hais tias nws qhov loj me yog qhov loj dua, raws li pom los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav hauv qhov me me. Muaj ob peb yam tsis xws luag ntawm parchment, txij li Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj tau khaws cia zoo heev. Raws li koj tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm tus qauv tsim ntawm Duke of Berry Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm, cov zaub mov ntxiv rau xim tuaj yeem yog cov cuab yeej zoo nkauj.
Cov xim pleev xim rau hauv qab tau thinned nrog dej thiab thickened nrog cov pos hniav arabic los yog cov pos hniav tragacanth. Ntxiv rau cov xim dawb thiab dub, muaj li 20 xim ntxiv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Rau cov haujlwm ntxaws ntxaws, cov kws ua yeeb yam xav tau txhuam me me thiab tej zaum yog lub lens.
Zoo kawg
Ua tsaug rau cov kwv tij Limburg, Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm ntawm Duke of Berry tau los ua ib qho haujlwm loj tshaj plaws ntawm Gothic lig. Los ntawm kev tsim no masterpiece, cov kwv tij immortalized tsis tau tsuas yog lawv tus kheej lub npe, tab sis kuj lub npe ntawm lawv patron - lub duke. Raws li Lub Sijhawm Zoo Kawg Nkaus ntawm Duke of Berry tau lees paub los ntawm nws qhov piv txwv, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kos duab tiag tuaj yeem qhuas tsis yog cov neeg tsim.nws cov creators, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov neeg uas muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws.
