Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lub sijhawm qub. Cov Greeks thaum ub paub xya hlau thiab ob peb lwm yam alloys. Kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, tin, lead, hlau thiab mercury yog cov khoom uas paub thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Keeb kwm ntawm chemistry pib nrog cov tswv yim paub. Lawv qhov kev nkag siab theoretical tau ua thawj zaug los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb - Aristotle, Plato thiab Empedocles. Thawj ntawm lawv ntseeg tias txhua yam ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lwm qhov. Nws piav qhov no los ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm thawj qhov teeb meem, uas yog qhov pib ntawm txhua qhov pib.
Ancient philosophy
Nws kuj tau ntseeg tias txhua yam khoom hauv ntiaj teb yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm plaub yam - dej, hluav taws, ntiaj teb thiab huab cua. Nws yog cov rog ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub 5th c. BC e. txoj kev xav ntawm atomism tau tshwm sim, tus tsim ntawm Leucippus thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm Democritus. Cov lus qhuab qhia no tau lees tias txhua yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me. Lawv hu ua atoms. Thiab txawm hais tias qhov kev xav no tsis tau pom qhov kev lees paub kev tshawb fawb hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, qhov no yog qhov tseebcov lus qhuab qhia tau dhau los ua ib qho kev pab rau chemistry niaj hnub no.
Egyptian alchemy
Kwv yees li xyoo pua II BC. e. Egyptian Alexandria tau los ua qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog qhov uas alchemy originated. Qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau los ua ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov tswv yim theoretical ntawm Plato thiab cov tswv yim paub txog Hellenes. Cov keeb kwm ntawm chemistry ntawm lub sijhawm no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov hlau. Rau lawv, lub classical designation tau coined nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ces paub ntiaj chaw thiab lub cev xilethi-aus. Piv txwv li, nyiaj tau piav raws li lub hli, thiab hlau li Mars. Txij li thaum science nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog inseparable ntawm kev ntseeg, alchemy, zoo li lwm yam scientific kev qhuab qhia, muaj nws tus kheej patron vajtswv (Thoth).
Ib tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog Bolos ntawm Mendes, uas tau sau cov lus qhia "Physics thiab Mysticism". Hauv nws, nws piav txog cov hlau thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis (lawv cov khoom thiab tus nqi). Lwm alchemist Zosim Panopolit hauv nws cov hauj lwm tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom tau txais kub. Feem ntau, keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm chemistry pib nrog kev tshawb fawb rau cov hlau noble. Alchemists sim tau kub los ntawm kev sim lossis ua khawv koob.
Egyptian alchemists tsis yog tsuas yog cov hlau lawv tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov ores uas lawv tau mined. Qhov no yog li cas amalgam tau pom. Qhov no yog ib hom hlau alloy nrog mercury, uas tau coj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm alchemists. Ib txhia suav hais tias yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb. Kev tshawb pom ntawm ib txoj hauv kev los kho cov kub uas siv cov hmoov txhuas thiab ntsev tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tib lub sijhawm.
Arab discoveries
Yog keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Hellenisticchemistry pib, nws txuas ntxiv ob peb centuries tom qab thaum lub sij hawm Arab golden hnub nyoog, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Islamic kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tib neeg kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau tshawb pom ntau yam tshiab, xws li antimony lossis phosphorus. Feem ntau ntawm cov kev paub tshwj xeeb tau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab chaw muag tshuaj los tsim cov tshuaj thiab potions. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry yam tsis tau hais txog lub pob zeb philosopher - ib qho khoom siv mythical uas tso cai rau koj hloov txhua yam khoom mus rau hauv kub.
Hais txog 815, Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan tsim cov mercury-sulphur txoj kev xav. Nws piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov hlau hauv txoj kev tshiab. Cov ntsiab cai no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau alchemy tsis yog ntawm Arab nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub tsev kawm ntawv European.
European alchemists ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog
Ua tsaug rau Crusades thiab kev sib cuag ntau dua ntawm East thiab West, cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg thaum kawg paub txog cov Muslim nrhiav pom. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 13th, nws yog cov neeg nyob sab Europe uas muaj kev ntseeg siab ua thawj coj hauv kev kawm txog tshuaj. Keeb kwm ntawm medieval chemistry tshuav nqi ntau rau Roger Bacon, Albert the Great, Raymond Lull, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis zoo li kev tshawb fawb hauv Arabic, cov kev tshawb fawb nyob sab Europe tau imbued nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm Christian mythology thiab kev ntseeg. Monasteries tau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog cov khoom. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov hauj sam yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm ammonia. Nws tau txais los ntawm tus naas ej theologian Bonaventure. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov alchemists muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis rau tib neeg kom txog thaum Roger Bacon piav txog cov hmoov phom hauv xyoo 1249. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov khoom no tau hloov pauv lub tshav rog thiab cov mos txwv ntawm cov tub rog.
BNyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, alchemy tau txais kev txhawb nqa raws li kev qhuab qhia kho mob. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov hauj lwm ntawm Par altses, uas nrhiav tau ntau yam tshuaj.
sijhawm tshiab
Kev Hloov Kho thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau chemistry. Nws nce tau tshem ntawm kev cai dab qhuas overtones, dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim. Tus pioneer ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no yog Robert Boyle, uas tau teem lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb rau chemistry - kom nrhiav tau ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg raws li qhov ua tau, nrog rau kev kawm txog lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom.
Hauv xyoo 1777, Antoine Lavoisier tau tsim txoj kev xav oxygen ntawm kev sib txuas. Nws tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab nomenclature. Keeb kwm ntawm chemistry, piav qhia luv luv hauv nws phau ntawv "Elementary Chemistry Course", tau ua tiav. Lavoisier tau sau ib lub rooj tshiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim tshaj plaws, raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm pawg. Cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim txog qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom tau hloov. Tam sim no chemistry tau dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej, raws li kev sim thiab cov pov thawj tiag tiag.
19th century
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, John D alton tau tsim txoj kev xav atomic ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem. Qhov tseeb, nws rov hais dua thiab nkag siab cov lus qhia ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thaum ub Democritus. Ib lo lus xws li atomic mass tau tshwm sim hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Nrog kev tshawb pom cov cai tshiab, keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry tau txais lub zog tshiab. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, thaum tig ntawm lub XVIII thiab XIX centuries. lej thiab lub cev txoj kev xav tau tshwm sim uas yooj yim thiab muaj laj thawj piav qhia txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov khoom hauv ntiaj teb. D alton qhov kev tshawb pom tau lees paub thaum Swedish kws tshawb fawb Jens Jakob Berzelius txuas atoms rau polarity ntawm hluav taws xob. Nws kuj tau qhia txog kev siv cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas paub niaj hnub no hauv daim ntawv Latin.
Atomic mass
Hauv xyoo 1860, cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv Krlsruhe tau lees paub qhov tseem ceeb atomic-molecular txoj kev xav tau los ntawm Stanislao Cannizzaro. Nrog nws cov kev pab, tus txheeb ze huab hwm coj ntawm oxygen raug xam. Yog li keeb kwm ntawm chemistry (nws nyuaj heev los piav qhia luv luv) tau los ntev hauv ob peb xyoo lawm.
txheeb ze atomic mass ua rau nws ua tau kom systematize tag nrho cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, ntau txoj kev xaiv tau npaj yuav ua li cas rau qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab siv tau. Tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Dmitri Mendeleev tau ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws. Nws lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, tau npaj rau xyoo 1869, tau los ua lub hauv paus rau niaj hnub chemistry.
Modern chemistry
Tom qab ntau xyoo lawm, cov hluav taws xob thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xov tooj cua tau pom. Qhov no tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntev ntev txog kev faib tawm ntawm lub atom. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb pom no tau muab lub zog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kab ciam teb ntawm chemistry thiab physics. Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub atom tshwm sim.
Cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis tau hais txog quantum mechanics. Qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau cuam tshuam lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib cog lus hauv qhov teeb meem. Cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev txheeb xyuas kev paub txog kev paub thiab kev xav tau tshwm sim. Cov no yog ntau yam variations ntawm spectroscopy thiab sivx-ray.
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry, luv luv piav qhia saum toj no, tau cim los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo nrog rau biology thiab tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tshiab tau nquag siv hauv cov tshuaj niaj hnub, thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv ntawm cov proteins, DNA thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob muaj sia tau kawm. Cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm ntau thiab ntau cov tshuaj tshiab nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm, uas tau txais kev sim.
