Cov lus Lavxias yog nplua nuj, nthuav dav thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib hom lus nyuaj heev. Dab tsi yog qee qhov declensions lossis conjugations tsim nyog! Thiab ntau yam ntawm cov qauv syntactic? Yuav ua li cas hais txog, piv txwv li, ib tug Englishman uas yog siv rau qhov tseeb hais tias cov kab lus nyob rau hauv nws hom lus muaj ib tug meej qauv? Xav txog cov lus Askiv "Peb mus rau peb lub Tsev khaws puav pheej hnub no". Cov kab lus no tuaj yeem txhais ua lus Lavxias hauv ntau txoj hauv kev:
- "Peb yuav mus rau peb lub tsev cia puav pheej hnub no."
- "Cia peb mus tom tsev cia puav pheej hnub no."
- "Cia peb mus tom tsev cia puav pheej hnub no."
- "Hnub no peb yuav mus rau peb lub tsev khaws puav pheej."
Zoo ntawm lo lus txiav txim, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus kuj hloov. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hom phiaj mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog muab (qhov no yog qhov kev xaiv nruab nrab tshaj plaws). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, kev saib xyuas yog tsom mus rau qhov tseeb tias tib neeg yuav mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej (ntawm ko taw, tsis yog los ntawm kev thauj mus los). Hauv qhov thib peb, nws tau hais tias qhov xwm txheej yuav tshwm sim hnub no. Thiab nyob rau hauv kab lus plaub, tib neeg hais tias lawv yuav mus rau ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshwj xeeb, "peb", thiab tsis yog lwm yam. Thiab nyob ntawm noNws yog tsim nyog los tham txog xws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus raws li ib tug pronoun. Cia peb kawm ntxiv vim li cas peb xav tau cov lus muaj nyob hauv Lavxias.
Pronoun
Yog li lub npe yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus uas tuaj yeem hloov tau lwm yam - lub npe, tus cwj pwm, tus cwj pwm, thiab txawm tias tus lej. Cov lus suav nrog cov lus uas tsis yog lub npe khoom, qhov ntau, cov cim, tab sis tsuas yog qhia lawv. Muaj cov npe hauv qab no:
- Tus kheej: kuv, koj, koj, peb. Cov lus ntawm cov lus no qhia tus neeg nug.
- Indicative: that, that, that, that, this.
- Definitive: tag nrho, ib leeg, lwm yam.
- Negative: tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj dab tsi.
- Indefinite: ob peb, qee, qee qhov.
- Muaj peev xwm: kuv, peb, koj li, koj li.
- Returnable: koj tus kheej.
- Interrogative: leej twg? dab tsi? qhov twg? leej twg?
- Txiv neej. Coincide nrog interrogatives, tab sis yog siv los ua pawg lus nyob rau hauv subordinate clauses.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov lus muaj nyob hauv cov lus txhais saum toj no ntawm cov lus Askiv hais txog cov lus muaj npe. Wb tham txog lawv.
Yuav ua li cas yog tus muaj npe?
Muaj cov lus hais hauv Lavxias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Possessive pronouns yog cov pronouns uas qhia txog qhov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom rau ib tug neeg lossis ib yam dab tsi. Lawv yogteb cov lus nug: "Leej twg?", "Leej twg?", "Leej twg?", "Leej twg?".
Peb nthuav qhia koj cov npe ntawm cov lus muaj nyob hauv Lavxias:
- kuv, kuv, kuv; peb, peb, peb; kuv, peb;
- koj, koj li, koj li; koj, koj, koj li; koj, koj li;
- nws, nws; lawv.
Qee lub sij hawm tus pronoun "ib tus" yog conditionally suav nrog ntawm no raws li ib tug reflexive possessive.
Hloov cov lus muaj npe
Cov npe saum toj no tsis yog muab faib ua peb kab. Yog li koj tuaj yeem tshawb pom sai npaum li cas cov lus muaj npe hloov pauv hauv Lavxias. Ua ntej, lawv hloov pauv los ntawm cov neeg: thawj kab muaj cov lus hais ntawm thawj tus neeg, tus thib ob - tus neeg thib ob, thiab kab thib peb - thib peb. Hauv cov lus hauv qab no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias muaj cov lus hloov pauv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej (txiv neej, poj niam, nruab nrab) thiab tus lej (singular thiab plural).
Yuav ua li cas cov lus muaj npe hloov pauv hauv rooj plaub (lossis poob) hauv Lavxias? Cov piv txwv hauv qab no yuav qhia meej qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws ntau li ntau tau:
- Im. p. (leej twg?): Kuv niam thiab kuv mus rau lub vaj zoo hnub no.
- Qhia. p. (leej twg?): Hnub no kuv niam tsis nyob hauv tsev.
- Dat. p. (rau leej twg?): Kuv niam nyiam taug kev ncig lub vaj.
- Vin. p. (leej twg?): Txawm ib tug tsov ntxhuav tsis ntshai kuv niam ntawm lub vaj.
- Tv. p. (los ntawm leej twg?): Kuv txaus siab rau kuv niam.
- Qhia p. (txog leej twg?): Kuv yuav qhia txhua tus hauv chav kawm txog kuvniam.
Tseem muaj xws li kev hloov kho:
- Im. p. (dab tsi?): Kuv mus kawm ntawv thiab tam sim no kuv muaj kuv phau ntawv kawm.
- Qhia. p. (dab tsi?): Thaum kuv nyob hauv kindergarten, kuv tsis muaj kuv phau ntawv kawm.
- Dat. p. (dab tsi?): Tam sim no kuv yog ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv thiab kuv zoo siab heev nrog kuv phau ntawv kawm.
- Vin. p. (dab tsi?): Kuv feem ntau saib kuv phau ntawv, txawm tias kuv nyeem tsis tau txhua yam.
- Tv. p. (dab tsi?): Kuv zoo siab rau kuv phau ntawv kawm: lawv tau muab qhwv kom zoo.
- Qhia p. (hais txog dab tsi?): Kuv twb tau buzz kuv niam thiab txiv pob ntseg txog kuv phau ntawv.
Txoj kev sib txawv
Raws li tau hais los saum no, muaj cov lus hauv Lavxias teb cov lus nug: "Leej twg?", "Leej twg?", "Leej twg?". Ua tsaug rau cov lus nug no, ib tus tuaj yeem yooj yim paub qhov txawv ntawm tus kheej pronouns thiab tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm possessives nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Qhov nuance no tuaj yeem nco qab los ntawm kev kawm cov piv txwv no:
- Kuv caw nws tuaj. Hu rau leej twg? - nws. Tus kheej pronoun.
- Kuv tsis pom nws niam ntawm txoj kev. Leej niam? - nws. Hauv qhov no, muaj qhov qhia meej txog kev ua tswv cuab. Qhov ntawd yog, peb pom ib lub npe muaj.
Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej cov lus thiab hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob hauv declension. Lub sijhawm no yog sawv cev hauv cov piv txwv hauv qab no:
- Nominative (leej twg?): Kuv tus phooj ywg, nws tus muam thiab lawv niam lawv txiv tau ntes nag hnub no.
- Ntseeg (ntawm leej twg?): Kuv tus phooj ywg, nws tus muam thiab lawv niam lawv txiv tsis nyob hauv tsev hnub no.
- Dative (rau leej twg?): Rau kuv tus phooj ywg thiab nws tus muamhnub no yuav ya los ntawm niam txiv vim lawv ncaim mus deb tsis ceeb toom.
- Ascusative (ntawm leej twg?): Kuv tus phooj ywg thiab nws tus muam raug ntsib los ntawm niam txiv thiab coj mus tsev.
- Creative (los ntawm leej twg?): Kuv qhuas kuv tus phooj ywg thiab nws niam nws txiv vim lawv nyiam ua kev lom zem ua ke.
- Prepositional (txog leej twg?): Qee zaum kuv qhia kuv pog txog kuv tus phooj ywg thiab nws niam nws txiv.
Nyob hauv cov lus hauv qab no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov lus hais ntawm tus kheej hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem tsis hloov pauv, thaum cov khoom tsim nyog raug cuam tshuam. Yog li, koj twb paub dab tsi muaj npe yog. Hauv Lavxias, qhov no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus.
Paj Lug thiab cov lus
Cov neeg tau tuaj nrog ntau cov lus thiab cov lus pov thawj uas muaj cov lus hais. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov lus hais:
- Nws yog koj li, tam sim no nws yog peb.
- Kuv lo lus zoo li granite.
- lub tsho ze ze rau lub cev.
- Koj pom ib lub quav rau ntawm lwm tus lub qhov muag, tab sis koj tsis pom ib lub log hauv koj tus kheej.
Kuv hais qhia kuv tias koj tus phooj ywg yog leej twg thiab kuv yuav qhia koj tias koj yog leej twg.
