Divergence - nws yog dab tsi hauv biology? Piv txwv Divergence

Cov txheej txheem:

Divergence - nws yog dab tsi hauv biology? Piv txwv Divergence
Divergence - nws yog dab tsi hauv biology? Piv txwv Divergence
Anonim

Divergence hauv biology - nws yog dab tsi? Qee qhov xwm txheej, cov pej xeem nyob hauv ib puag ncig ecologically txawv peripheral ib puag ncig tuaj yeem pom qhov sib txawv ntawm caj ces los ntawm lwm tus neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov muaj ntau hom tsiaj. Genetic divergence yog cov txheej txheem lom neeg uas muaj ob lossis ntau tus neeg ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm nws tus kheej suav nrog kev hloov caj ces (mutations) los tsim cov xeeb ntxwv. Kev sib txawv ntawm caj ces ntawm cov neeg sib txawv tuaj yeem suav nrog kev hloov pauv uas tsis cuam tshuam rau phenotype, nrog rau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj ntawm morphological thiab physiological.

divergence yog nyob rau hauv biology
divergence yog nyob rau hauv biology

Ntawm theem ntawm cov noob caj noob ces molecular, divergence hauv biology yog cov kev hloov caj ces uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias nws tsis zoo lihais tias xws li ib tug tshwm sim yog tshwm sim ntawm ib zaug thiab tseem ceeb dominant kev hloov ntawm ib tug genetic locus. Yog tias ua tau, cov kev hloov pauv no tsis tuaj yeem hla mus rau lwm tiam neeg. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau yuav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib cais ntawm kev sib deev, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov me me hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution.

Divergent evolution

Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm evolution, kev sib txawv hauv biology yog qhov tshwm sim txheeb ze nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg pib zoo sib xws suav nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev txhim kho evolutionary thiab maj mam sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem no tseem hu ua "divergence" thiab tau piav qhia hauv On the Origin of Species (1859). Txawm tias ua ntej Darwin, ntau kab ntawm kev sib txawv los ntawm hom kab hauv nruab nrab tau piav qhia los ntawm Alfred Russel Wallace hauv 1858. Raws li kev tshawb xav evolutionary ib txwm muaj, kev sib txawv ua haujlwm ob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb:

  • Nws tso cai rau hom kab mob no kom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev siv cov niches tshiab.
  • Qhov kev nce ntawm ntau haiv neeg no txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hloov mus rau ntau qhov chaw nyob.

Cov kev xav no yog qhov kev xav tsis tseeb, vim nws nyuaj heev thiab yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj lawv sim.

divergence hauv biology yog
divergence hauv biology yog

Molecular Divergence

Nws yog dab tsi hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm molecular biology? Qhov no yog qhov feem ntawm nucleotides sib txawv ntawm ib leeg los ntawm ob ntu ntawm DNA. Qhov feem pua kuj yuav txawv.amino acids ntawm ob polypeptides. Lo lus "divergence" yog siv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no vim tias muaj kev xav tias ob lub molecules yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ib niam txiv molecule. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution, tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug divergence, tab sis kuj yog ib tug merging txheej xwm, xws li hybridization thiab kab rov tav hloov lwm lub tsev. Thiab cov xwm txheej zoo li no tshwm sim ntau zaus. Cov txheej txheem molecular ntawm evolutionary divergence ntawm noob caj noob ces muaj xws li nucleotide hloov, deletions, insertions, chromosomal recombinations, transpositions thiab inversions, duplications, transformations, thiab kab rov tav hloov mus rau noob. Tus naj npawb ntawm nucleotide hloov pauv yog qhov yooj yim thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas ntawm qib kev sib txawv ntawm ob ntu. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm nucleotide hloov pauv thiab tsim ib tsob ntoo phylogenetic uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib txawv.

Dab tsi yog divergence hauv biology
Dab tsi yog divergence hauv biology

Analog of convergence

Kev sib txawv hauv biology yog qhov sib piv rau evolutionary convergence, thaum lub sij hawm cov kab mob nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv sib txawv los ua zoo sib xws vim kev xaiv ntuj. Piv txwv li, yoov thiab noog tau hloov kho kom zoo sib xws, hauv kev nkag siab tias lawv muaj tis thiab tuaj yeem ya tau, txawm tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv flightless txawv kiag li. Qhov tseeb, ob qho no suav nrog ntau hom kab mob sib txawv. Ib qho kev sib txawv hauv biology yog ib qho kev tshwm sim evolutionary uas ob qho tib si morphological lossis molecular zoo tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug poj koob yawm txwv. Cov yam ntxwv no yog qhov qub qub, tab sis tau los uaheterogeneous nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yuav tsum muaj qee qhov sib xws ntawm ob qho tib si los qhia tias muaj ib tug poj koob yawm txwv. Rau rapprochement, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yuav tsum muaj qee qhov sib txawv, txij li qee qhov nta tau qiv los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ywj pheej. Yog li, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv thiab kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov nyuaj los tsim.

divergence hauv biology yog dab tsi
divergence hauv biology yog dab tsi

Divergence hauv biology: duab

Divergent evolution (los ntawm Latin divergentia - divergence), raws li txoj cai, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm tib hom nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv thiab cais. Cov piv txwv hauv qab no tuaj yeem muab tau: feem ntau cov tsiaj hauv ntiaj teb muaj cov ceg tawv, tib neeg thiab cov tsiaj muaj caj npab, vertebrates muaj ceg, noog muaj tis, ntses muaj fins, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov kab mob no yog siv los ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis lawv cov keeb kwm yog tib yam. Divergence tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj feem xyuam. Qhov ntau dua qhov sib txawv tam sim no, qhov sib txawv ntau dua. Thiab muaj ntau yam piv txwv zoo li no hauv qhov xwm txheej, piv txwv li, hma liab. Yog hais tias nws qhov chaw nyob yog cov suab puam, ces lub tsho tiv no ntawm ib tug tsiaj ntawm ib tug tej xim yuav pab kom disguise nws tus kheej los ntawm predators. Hma liab liab nyob hauv hav zoov, qhov chaw "liab lub tsho tiv no" ua ke nrog thaj chaw hauv zos. Hauv cov suab puam, cov cua sov ua rau cov cua sov hloov mus rau qhov nyuaj, yog li cov hma liab pob ntseg tau hloov mus rau qhov loj, yog li lub cev tau tshem tawm cov cua sov ntau dhau. Qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv qhov no yog qhovtsuas yog sib txawv ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob thiab adaptation yuav tsum tau, tsis yog genetic sib txawv. Yog tias lawv nyob hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, nws zoo li lawv yuav tau hloov zuj zus mus rau qhov zoo sib xws. Divergent evolution yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm caj ces ze.

divergence yog nyob rau hauv biology piv txwv
divergence yog nyob rau hauv biology piv txwv

Divergence hauv xwm: piv txwv

Evolution yog tus txheej txheem uas cov kab mob hloov pauv lub sijhawm. Lub ntsiab feature yog tias tag nrho cov no tshwm sim qeeb heev thiab yuav siv ntau txhiab lossis ntau lab xyoo. Divergence hauv biology - yog dab tsi? Xav txog, piv txwv li, ib qho kev hloov hauv tib neeg lub cev: ib tug neeg siab, ib tug luv luv, ib txhia muaj plaub hau liab, lwm tus yog dub, ib txhia yog tawv nqaij tawv, ib txhia yog tawv nqaij tawv. Zoo li tib neeg, lwm yam kab mob muaj sia kuj muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv tib neeg.

divergence hauv biology piv txwv
divergence hauv biology piv txwv

Divergence yog nyob rau hauv biology (piv txwv kom meej meej qhia qhov no) cov txheej txheem ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm noob transformations tsim nyog rau ciaj sia taus. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub neej tiag tiag tuaj yeem muab tau. Muaj ntau hom finches hauv Galapagos Islands. Thaum Charles Darwin mus xyuas cov chaw no, nws tau sau tseg tias cov tsiaj no yeej zoo sib xws, tab sis lawv tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lawv cov beaks. Lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv ib txwm tau txais kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob, yog li pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom tshiab. Piv txwv li, ntawm ib lub kob uas cov noob muaj ntau, cov noog beak yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev noj cov zaub mov no. Nyob rau lwm cov kob, tus qauv ntawm lub beak pab tsiajnoj kab. Tom qab tag nrho, ntau hom tshiab tau tshwm sim, txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.

Dab tsi yog divergence hauv biology
Dab tsi yog divergence hauv biology

Divergent evolution tshwm sim thaum nws los txog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib hom kab mob tshiab. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv ib puag ncig. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog tib neeg ko taw, uas txawv ntawm tus liab ko taw, txawm tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv primate. Ib hom tshiab (qhov no tib neeg) hloov zuj zus vim tsis muaj qhov xav tau nce ntoo. Bipedalism tsim cov kev hloov pauv tsim nyog hauv ko taw txhawm rau txhim kho kev nrawm, sib npaug thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av. Txawm hais tias tib neeg thiab apes muaj caj ces zoo sib xws, lawv tau hloov kho lub cev sib txawv tsim nyog rau kev ciaj sia.

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