Symmetry hauv cov lus thiab kab lus yog qhov xav paub tshwm sim, txawm hais tias nws tsis yog ib txwm pom. Tau ntau pua xyoo thiab ntau txhiab xyoo, ntau thiab ntau yam kev lom zem tshiab tau tshwm sim: anagrams, ambigrams, pantograms, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tham txog xws li ib tug tswvyim xws li palindrome lo lus, piv txwv ntawm uas yog heev nthuav. Dab tsi yog?
Essence
Palindromes yog cov lus thiab kab lus nrog symmetry. Lawv tuaj yeem nyeem tau raws li ib txwm muaj - los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, thiab rov ua dua, thiab lub ntsiab lus tsis hloov hlo li. Qhov no piav qhia lub npe nws tus kheej: hauv Greek, nws txhais tau tias "khiav rov qab." Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, ib tug palindrome kuj yog feem ntau hu ua "lo lus-hloov". Feem ntau, lub tswv yim no hais txog kev tsim qauv lus. Tab sis qee zaum peb kuj tuaj yeem tham txog kev hloov cov lej, kos duab thiab txawm tias sau ntawv! Feem ntau, cov no yog cov lus lossis kab lus. Piv txwv li, "stomp", "Anna" thiab lub palindrome ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab yog "rotator". Tab sis qhov tseeb nws tsis yooj yim li, vim tib neeg nyiam ua si nrog cov lus, uas tso cai rau lawv los tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab kom pom qhov tsis tau xav txog hauv qhov qub.
Ntau yam
Nrog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiabzoo, lo lus hloov pauv tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lwm yam. Thaum tib neeg twb nkees ntawm kev sau cov lus zoo li no, tab sis lawv tseem tsis tau coj cov kab lus, cov duab geometric tau siv. Yog li-hu ua "lub voj voog" tshwm sim - cov kab lus sau, piv txwv li, ntawm lub tog raj kheej, uas tuaj yeem nyeem tau sib npaug thaum tig ob lub moos thiab counterclockwise. Muaj ib qho piv txwv nto moo hais txog ib yam zoo sib xws ntawm palindrome. Tus kws sau paj lug Vladimir Mayakovsky ib zaug muab nws tus hlub Lilya Brik ib lub nplhaib. Muaj ib tug engraving nyob rau hauv lub kho kom zoo nkauj. Tsuas yog peb tsab ntawv - L, Yu, B, uas yog nws lub npe. Tab sis thaum lawv tig, lawv tsim ib qho "kev hlub".
Lwm yam, uas tseem hu ua palindromes, yog cov lus uas, thaum rov ua dua, tsim lwm tus. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los xav txog qhov no nrog cov piv txwv: lub nplhaib puag ncig, ka jar txwv, thiab lwm yam.
Lwm daim ntawv ciam teb ntawm palindrome yog ib lo lus lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke uas thaum nyeem los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, muaj ib lub ntsiab lus, thiab lwm qhov sib txawv: "lub ntiaj teb xis nyob", "qhov ntswg", "lub nroog", etc.
Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntxiv: ob hom lus, nrog kev sib kis ntsug thiab lwm yam kev hloov pauv, vim tib neeg nyiam los siv cov lus tshiab.
In linguistics
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas lo lus hloov pauv lossis tib kab lus siv hauv ib hom lus. Feem ntau, keeb kwm ntawm palindromes rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Thawj cov kab lus no yog suav tias yog Latin Sator Arepo tenet opera rotos, uastxhais tias "Tus Sower ntawm Arepo tuav lub log nrog nyuaj." Feem ntau cov palindrome no tau sau ua ib lub xwmfab, thiab nws tuaj yeem nyeem tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis thiab rov ua dua, tab sis kuj vertically. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov lus no muaj txog 2500 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam tau hloov txij li lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntau cov qauv tshiab tau tshwm sim, thiab qhov no siv tsis tau rau cov lus Lavxias nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau lwm yam lus European thiab Oriental.
Palindromes muaj kev txaus siab tsis yog rau cov kws qhia lus nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov lej. Raws li lawv cov kev suav, txawm hais tias cov lus muaj kev txwv, theoretically, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua tsis kawg. Yog li dab tsi yog flip lo lus?
Examples
Tseem muaj cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj palindromes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cai ntawm kev tsim cov lus, cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus tsis yog ib txwm saib, thiab cov semantic load tsis nyob twj ywm unchanged. Qhov no yog zam txim tau, vim hais tias raws li qhov ntev nce, nws ua ntau thiab nyuaj rau sau ib tug shifter lo lus los yog kab lus. Hmoov zoo, kuj tseem muaj cov piv txwv zoo heev, feem ntau txawm tias tag nrho cov paj huam.
In Russian:
- Argentina beckons ib tug txiv neej dub.
- Whale at sea romantic.
- Anna lay ntshaw.
- npua teb nias lub qe.
- Puas yog zaub qhwv zaub mov?
- Debri yog lub ntiaj teb muaj teeb meem.
- Kuv yog burdock ntawm teb.
- Spring is a chance Ev.
- Thiab lub hli poob.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
In English:
- Racecar.
- Tacocat.
- Madam, Kuv yog Adas.
- Ua neej tsis nyob rau qhov phem.
Poetic forms tuaj yeem ua tauua tau zoo heev:
Kuv thiab koj yog Vajtswv, lub ego ntawm kev ua.
Kuv thiab koj yog Bach ntawm lub suab nrov.
Kuv thiab koj yog lub paj ntawm kev sau ntawv. Kuv thiab koj yog ballet ntawm lub cev ntawm kev ua.
Nov yog ib feem ntawm cov haujlwm sau los ntawm Elena Katsyuba, uas tau tsim tag nrho phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm palindromes. Feem ntau, ntawm cov neeg uas nyiam ua txhaum lawv lub taub hau ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv yog cov kws sau ntawv nto moo, kws tshawb fawb, lej, thiab lwm yam: M. Bulgakov, A. Fet, A. Voznesensky, N. Ladygin, G. Derzhavin, V. Khlebnikov. thiab ntau lwm tus.
Los ntawm txoj kev, lo lus ntev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog saippuakivikauppias hauv Finnish. Lub tswv yim no qhia txog tus neeg muag tshuaj xab npum, thiab qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog qhov no yog ib hom lus uas siv tau tag nrho!
Palindromes hauv lwm qhov chaw
Tsis txhob xav tias lub tswv yim no tsuas yog hais txog cov lus thiab kab lus xwb. Lwm txoj hauv kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem ua rau palindromes. Cov lus programming, lej, ntawv suab paj nruag, txawm tias qee qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo - hauv txhua qhov chaw no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav "tshaj tawm". Cov piv txwv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Mozart lossis Moscheles.
Cais tsim nyog hais txog biology. Muaj cov cheeb tsam hauv DNA uas tseem hu ua palindromes. Ntawm no lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm ua haujlwm - lawv tso cai rau koj kom nce cov ntaub ntawv encrypted yam tsis tau nce cov nucleotides.
