Linguistics muaj ntau ntu sib txawv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau mob siab rau txoj kev kawm ntawm qee hom lus. Ib qho ntawm cov hauv paus, uas tshwm sim hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology, yog phonetics, uas kawm cov suab ntawm kev hais lus.
Phonetics
Phonetics yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb philological uas kawm cov qauv suab ntawm ib hom lus. Ntu no suav nrog:
- Suab, lawv cov kev faib thiab ua haujlwm.
- Syllables and their classification.
- Accent.
- Intonation ntawm cov lus.
- Speech sounds yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus sib cais. Lub suab tsim cov suab uas ua cov lus.
Section of phonetics
Nyob rau hauv classical phonetics, seem nram qab no txawv:
- Acoustics ntawm kev hais lus. Nws mob siab rau lub cev cov cim ntawm kev hais lus.
- Physiology ntawm kev hais lus, kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm articulatory apparatus thaum lub suab ntawm lub suab.
- Phonology yog ib feem ntawm kev kawm lus uas kawm txog lub suab ntawm kev hais lus raws li kev sib txuas lus, lawv txoj haujlwm.
Lawv kuj sawv tawmMuaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm linguistics:
- Orthoepy, kawm cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus.
- Spelling, uas qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv txog kev sau cov lus.
- Graphics - ib ntu uas txiav txim siab txog cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias. Nws tshuaj xyuas kom meej qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab thiab lawv cov fixation hauv kev sau ntawv, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv.
Kev faib tawm
Vaj suab thiab cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov suab lus.
Thaum hais lub suab suab, cov kwj deg ntawm cov pa tawm tuaj yeem hla mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm kev hais lus yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov consonants, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov pa exhaled tau ntsib ib qho teeb meem, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ua tiav los yog ib nrab kaw ntawm lub cev hais lus.
Nyob hauv peb cov lus niaj hnub no muaj 6 tus vowels thiab 21 consonants. Nco ntsoov tias cov vowels muaj kev ntxhov siab lossis tsis ntxhov siab, thiab cov ntawv sau tau muab faib ua mos thiab nyuaj.
Acoustic yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab
Txhua lub suab hais lus muaj cov yam ntxwv acoustic. Cov no suav nrog:
- siab. Qhia hauv hertz/sec. Tus nqi siab dua, lub suab siab dua.
- Lub zog lossis kev siv zog, uas nyob ntawm qhov amplitude ntawm kev vibration ntawm lub suab qaum. Ntsuas hauv decibels.
- Timbre nyob ntawm lub hauv paus thiab overtones.
- Lub sijhawm ntsuas los ntawm lub sijhawm nws siv los tsim lub suab. Tus yam ntxwv no muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tus nqi ntawm kev hais lus.
kos npe kos npe
Rau cov lus, muaj plaub lub ntsiabarticulatory nta:
- Qhov piv ntawm suab nrov thiab lub suab (sonants, suab nrov, suab nrov tsis muaj suab).
- Raws li txoj kev hais lus: nres (explosive, affricate, nres), qhov thiab nres-slit (tom qab, tshee tshee).
- Raws li lub cev muaj zog koom nrog hauv kev tsim suab: labial (labial-labial, labio-dental) thiab lingual (anterior-lingual, nruab nrab-lingual, back-lingual).
- Raws li lub cev tsis muaj zog koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas lus: kho hniav, alveolar, palatal, velar.
kos npe kos npe
Vwj muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Kab - nyob ntawm qhov twg ntawm tus nplaig nce thaum lub suab ntawm lub suab. Xaiv kab pem hauv ntej, nruab nrab thiab rov qab.
- Rise - nyob ntawm seb lub nraub qaum ntawm tus nplaig tau tsa li cas thaum lub suab. Muaj qhov nqa siab, nruab nrab lossis qis.
- Labialization yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm daim di ncauj hauv kev tawm suab. Muaj labialized thiab tsis-labialized vowels.
Syllable
Studies phonetics ntawm hais lus suab thiab suab.
Ib lub suab yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws semantic unit. Hauv kev hais lus, lo lus tau muab faib ua cov suab lus nrog kev pab ntawm pauses. Txhua syllable muaj ib lo lus tsim suab, feem ntau yog ib tug vowel. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav suav nrog ib lossis ntau lub suab uas tsis yog lus, feem ntau yog consonants.
Cov hom lus hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- Qhib uas xaus rau hauv ib tsab ntawv.
- Kaw, xaus rau tus lej.
- Covered - pib nroglus.
- Uncovered - pib nrog ib tug vowel.
Accent
Kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lo lus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom - lub suab. Tsim intonation. Lub suab lossis lub suab uas nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntxhov siab yog hais nrog lub zog ntau dua thiab meej.
Koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv ib lo lus uas siv phau ntawv txhais lus sau.
Phonetic tsom xam
Kawm lub suab hais lus, cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm sib sau ua ke lawv cov kev paub nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov lus. Nws tau ua raws li hauv qab no:
- Lo lus sau raws li kev sau ntawv.
- Lo lus muab faib ua syllables.
- kab tom ntej no yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lo lus hauv square brackets.
- lo lus nyuaj siab.
- Txhua lub suab kaw hauv cov ntawv sau tau raug kaw hauv ib kab. Tawm tsam lawv txhua tus, nws cov yam ntxwv hais lus raug kaw.
- Tus lej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab suab hauv ib lo lus raug suav thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau raug kaw.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus suav, lawv piav qhia luv luv tau muab.
Study in school
Kev taw qhia txog xov tooj cua pib hauv qib thawj. Tom qab ntawd cov me nyuam raug qhia kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov vowels thiab consonants, stressed thiab unstressed vowels, thiab suav syllables. Nyob rau qib tsib, kev paub tob tob nrog lub suab hais lus pib. Cov menyuam yaus tau muab cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm lub suab, lawv tau paub nrog cov lus nyuaj thiab mos, kawm kom ua tau lub suab zoo ntawm ib lo lus.
Nyob rau qib kaum tau txais ua ntejkev paub yog systematized thiab rov ua dua. Yog tias muaj qhov profile tsis ncaj ncees rau kev kawm hom lus, kev paub ntawm phonetics yog tob raws li qhov kev pab cuam tsim los ntawm tus kws qhia ua ntej.
Kawm hauv University
Qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm philology rau cov xov tooj cua pib hauv thawj xyoo ntawm tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab kav rau ib lossis ob lub semesters. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib lub semester tau mob siab rau kev kawm ntawm phonetics, uas yog, acoustics thiab physiology ntawm kev hais lus, qhov thib ob - rau phonology. Thoob plaws hauv chav kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau paub txog ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm txog suab thiab phonemes, kawm paub cov suab, thiab ua cov kev ntsuas suab. Kev xeem raug xeem thaum kawg ntawm chav kawm.
Nyob yav tom ntej, cov kev paub uas tau txais yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kawm txog kev hais lus, duab thiab sau ntawv, orthoepy.
Cov Lus Qhia
Speech sounds yog cov lus yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas tau kawm hauv linguistics. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm phonetics koom nrog lawv txoj kev kawm. Kev paub nrog lub suab pib hauv qib thawj nrog kev kawm txog cov hauv paus. Kev paub ntawm phonetics yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev hais lus, kab lis kev cai ntawm tus neeg.
