Copper malleability. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Malleability yog hais txog kev raug mob ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau rau forging thiab lwm yam kev kho siab. Nws tuaj yeem yog kos duab, stamping, dov lossis nias. Lub ductility ntawm tooj liab yog tus cwj pwm tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev tiv thaiv deformation, tab sis kuj los ntawm ductility. Plasticity yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm hlau los hloov nws cov contours nyob rau hauv siab yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Malleable hlau yog tooj dag, hlau, duralumin thiab lwm yam tooj liab, magnesium, npib tsib xee, aluminium alloys. Nws yog lawv cov uas muaj qib siab ntawm plasticity ua ke nrog qis tsis kam rau deformation.

Copper

Kuv xav tias tus yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab zoo li cas? Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub 11th pab pawg neeg ntawm lub 4th lub sij hawm ntawm lub system ntawm tshuaj ntsiab ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Nws lub atom muaj tus lej 29 thiab yog cim los ntawm lub cim Cu. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug transitional ductile hlau ntawm ib tug pinkish-kub xim. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws muaj xim liab yog tias tsis muaj oxide zaj duab xis. Tau ntev, cov khoom no tau siv los ntawm tib neeg.

History

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov hlau uas tib neeg tau pib siv hauv lawv tsev neeg yog tooj liab. Tseeb, nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab nkag tau los ntawm ore thiab muaj me memelting kub. Tau ntev, tib neeg haiv neeg tau paub txog xya lub hlau, uas kuj suav nrog tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom no muaj ntau dua li nyiaj, kub lossis hlau. Cov khoom qub ua los ntawm tooj liab, slag, yog pov thawj ntawm nws smelting los ntawm ores. Lawv tau pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm lub zos ntawm Chatal-Khuyuk. Nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog tooj liab, cov khoom tooj liab tau nthuav dav. Hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb, nws ua raws li lub pob zeb.

S. A. Semyonov thiab nws cov npoj yaig tau ua cov kev tshawb fawb sim, uas nws pom tias cov cuab yeej tooj liab zoo dua rau cov pob zeb ntau txoj hauv kev. Lawv muaj kev ceev dua ntawm kev npaj, drilling, txiav thiab sawing ntoo. Thiab ua cov pob txha nrog ib rab riam tooj liab kav ntev li ntev tau nrog lub pob zeb. Tab sis tooj liab suav hais tias yog hlau mos.

Ntau zaus thaum ub, tsis yog tooj liab, lawv siv nws cov hlau nrog tin-bronze. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim riam phom thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, lub hnub nyoog bronze tuaj hloov lub hnub nyoog tooj liab. Bronze yog thawj zaug tau txais hauv Middle East hauv 3000 BC. AD: Cov neeg nyiam lub zog thiab zoo heev malleability ntawm tooj liab. Cov cuab yeej zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev yos hav zoov, cov cuab yeej siv, thiab cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj tuaj tawm ntawm cov tooj liab uas tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv archaeological excavations. Tom qab ntawd lub hnub nyoog Bronze tau hloov los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau.

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab tau nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm? Thaum pib, nws tau mined tsis yog los ntawm sulfide, tab sis los ntawm malachite ore. Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsis muaj yuav tsum tau koom nyob rau hauv preliminary firing. Ua li no, sib tov ntawm cov thee thiab ore tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub nkoj hauv av. Lub nkoj tau muab tso rau hauvib qhov ntiav ntiav thiab qhov sib tov tau teem rau hluav taws. Tom qab ntawd cov pa roj carbon monoxide pib tso tawm, uas ua rau txo qis ntawm malachite kom tsis muaj tooj liab.

Nws paub tias tooj liab tau tsim nyob rau hauv Cyprus twb nyob rau hauv peb txhiab xyoo BC, qhov chaw tooj liab tau smelted.

Nyob rau thaj av ntawm Russia thiab cov xeev nyob sib ze, cov pob zeb tooj liab tau tshwm sim ob txhiab xyoo BC. e. Lawv cov ruins muaj nyob rau hauv lub Urals, thiab nyob rau hauv Ukraine, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Transcaucasus, thiab nyob rau hauv Altai, thiab nyob deb Siberia.

Kev lag luam smelting ntawm tooj liab tau ua tiav nyob rau xyoo pua kaum peb. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub kaum tsib nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub Cannon Yard tau tsim. Nws yog nyob ntawd cov phom ntawm ntau yam calibers raug nrum los ntawm tooj liab. Ib qho zoo kawg ntawm tooj liab tau siv los ua tswb. Xyoo 1586, Tsar Cannon raug nrum los ntawm tooj liab, xyoo 1735 - Tsar Tswb, xyoo 1782 Bronze Horseman tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv 752, craftsmen ua ib tug zoo kawg nkaus pej thuam ntawm lub Big Buddha ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Todai-ji. Feem ntau, daim ntawv teev cov haujlwm ntawm cov duab kos duab tsis muaj qhov kawg.

Nyob rau tiam kaum yim tus txiv neej nrhiav tau hluav taws xob. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov tooj liab loj loj pib mus rau hauv kev tsim cov xov hlau thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws. Nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov xov hlau tau tsim los ntawm txhuas, tab sis tooj liab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv hluav taws xob engineering.

Nyob hauv lub npe

Koj puas paub tias Cuprum yog lub npe Latin rau tooj liab, muab los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov kob ntawm Cyprus? Los ntawm txoj kev, Strabo hu tooj liab chalkos - lub nroog ntawm Chalkis ntawm Euboea yog txhaum ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm xws li ib lub npe. Feem ntau ntawm ancient Greek npe rau tooj liab thiabbronze khoom originated precisely los ntawm lo lus no. Lawv tau pom ntau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam hlau, thiab ntawm cov khoom siv hlau thiab castings. Qee zaum tooj liab hu ua Aes, uas txhais tau tias ore lossis kuv.

Lo lus Slavic "tooj liab" tsis muaj cov lus hais. Tej zaum nws laus lawm. Tab sis nws yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv feem ntau ancient sau ntawv monuments ntawm Russia. V. I. Abaev xav tias lo lus no los ntawm lub teb chaws Midia. Cov alchemists nicknamed tooj liab "Venus". Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws hu ua "Mars".

tooj liab nyob qhov twg?

Lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb muaj (4, 7-5, 5) x 10^-3% tooj liab (los ntawm pawg). Hauv dej hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv, nws tsawg dua: 10^-7% thiab 3 x 10^-7% (los ntawm pawg) raws.

Cov khoom siv tooj liab feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Kev lag luam siv chalcopyrite CuFeS₂, hu ua tooj liab pyrite, bornite Cu₅FeS₄, chalcocite Cu ₂S. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg pom lwm cov khoom siv tooj liab: cuprite Cu₂O, azurite Cu₃(CO₃₎ 2_(OH)2_{, Malachite Cu}2_CO3 _(OH)2 _{thiab covelline CuS. Feem ntau, qhov loj ntawm tus neeg tsub zuj zuj ntawm tooj liab mus txog 400 tons. Copper sulfides yog tsim nyob rau hauv hydrothermal nruab nrab-kub leeg. Feem ntau, hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary, tooj liab tuaj yeem pom - shales thiab cuprous sandstones. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws deposits yog nyob rau hauv lub Trans-Baikal Territory Udokan, Zhezkazgan nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Mansfeld nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab zib mu siv ntawm Central Africa. Lwm cov nplua nuj tooj liab deposits nyobHauv Chile (Colhausi thiab Escondida) thiab Asmeskas (Morenci).}

Feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab yog mined qhib-qhov. Nws muaj 0.3 txog 1.0% tooj liab.

Lub cev muaj zog

Ntau tus neeg nyeem txaus siab rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm tooj liab. Nws yog ib tug ductile pinkish-kub hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws nto yog tam sim ntawd them nrog ib tug oxide zaj duab xis, uas muab nws ib tug peculiar khaus liab-daj hue. Interestingly, nyias zaj duab xis ntawm tooj liab muaj xim xiav-ntsuab.

Osmium, cesium, tooj liab thiab kub muaj xim tib yam, txawv ntawm grey lossis nyiaj ntawm lwm yam hlau. Qhov ntxoov ntxoo xim no qhia tias muaj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob nyob nruab nrab ntawm plaub ib nrab ntawm qhov khoob thiab qhov thib peb atomic orbitals. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj qee lub zog sib txawv sib xws rau lub wavelength ntawm txiv kab ntxwv. Tib lub cev yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov xim tshwj xeeb ntawm kub.

Dab tsi yog amazing txog tooj liab? Cov hlau no tsim lub ntsej muag-centered cubic lattice, qhov chaw pab pawg Fm3m, a=0.36150 nm, Z=4.

tooj liab kuj muaj npe nrov rau nws cov hluav taws xob siab thiab thermal conductivity. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm conduction tam sim no, nws yog cov hlau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob. Los ntawm txoj kev, tooj liab muaj ib tug loj heev kub coefficient ntawm kuj thiab yog yuav luag ywj siab ntawm nws cov kev ua tau zoo tshaj ib tug dav kub ntau yam. tooj liab hu ua diamagnet.

tooj liab alloys muaj ntau haiv neeg. Cov neeg tau kawm ua ke tooj dag nrog zinc, thiab npib tsib xee nrog cupronickel, thiab txhuas nrog babbits,thiab tooj liab nrog tin thiab lwm yam hlau.

Isotopes ntawm tooj liab

tooj liab yog tsim los ntawm ob lub isotopes ruaj khov, ⁶³ Cu thiab ⁶⁵Cu, uas muaj ntau ntawm 69.1 thiab 30.9 feem pua ntawm atomic feem.. Feem ntau, muaj ntau tshaj li ob lub kaum os isotopes uas tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Lub isotope nyob ntev tshaj plaws yog ⁶⁷ Cu nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 62 teev.

tooj liab tau li cas?

Kev ua tooj liab yog txheej txheem nthuav dav heev. Cov hlau no tau txais los ntawm cov ntxhia thiab tooj liab ores. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim kom tau txais tooj liab yog hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy thiab electrolysis.

Cia peb xav txog txoj kev pyrometallurgical. Ua li no, tooj liab yog tau los ntawm sulfide ores, piv txwv li, chalcopyrite CuFeS₂. Chalcopyrite raw khoom muaj 0.5-2.0% Cu. Ua ntej, tus thawj ore yog raug flotation enrichment. Tom qab ntawd nws yog oxidized ci ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1400 degrees. Tom qab ntawd, calcined concentrate yog smelted rau matte. Silica yog ntxiv rau yaj los khi hlau oxide.

Cov txiaj ntsig silicate ntab li slag thiab sib cais. Matte tseem nyob hauv qab - ib qho alloy ntawm sulfides CU₂S thiab FeS. Tom qab ntawd nws yog yaj raws li txoj kev ntawm Henry Bessemer. Ua li no, molten matte yog poured rau hauv lub converter. Tom qab ntawd lub nkoj yog purged nrog oxygen. Thiab cov hlau sulfide uas tseem tshuav yog oxidized rau oxide thiab, nrog kev pab los ntawm silica, raug tshem tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm silicate. Copper sulfide yog oxidized rau tooj liab oxide tsis tiav, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws raug txo kom nws yog xim hlau tooj.

Bqhov tshwm sim blister tooj liab muaj 90.95% ntawm cov hlau. Tom qab ntawd nws raug rau electrolytic purification. Interestingly, ib tug acidified tov ntawm tooj liab sulphate yog siv raws li ib tug electrolyte.

Electrolytic tooj liab yog tsim rau ntawm cathode, uas muaj ntau zaus ntawm 99.99%. Ntau yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab tau txais: xov hlau, khoom siv hluav taws xob, alloys.

Txoj kev hydrometallurgical zoo li txawv me ntsis. Ntawm no, tooj liab minerals yog yaj nyob rau hauv dilute sulfuric acid los yog nyob rau hauv ammonia daws. Los ntawm cov kua npaj, tooj liab yog hloov los ntawm hlau hlau.

tshuaj lom neeg ntawm tooj liab

Hauv cov tebchaw, tooj liab qhia ob lub xeev oxidation: +1 thiab +2. Thawj ntawm lawv nyiam qhov tsis sib xws thiab ruaj khov tsuas yog hauv cov tebchaw tsis sib haum lossis cov complexes. Los ntawm txoj kev, tooj liab compounds tsis muaj xim.

Oxidation xeev +2 yog qhov ruaj khov dua. Nws yog nws leej twg muab ntsev xiav thiab xiav-ntsuab xim. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej txawv txawv, cov tebchaw nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +3 thiab txawm +5 tuaj yeem npaj tau. Cov yav tas feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cupbororane anion ntsev tau txais xyoo 1994.

Ntshiab tooj liab tsis hloov hauv huab cua. Nws yog ib qho tsis muaj zog txo tus neeg sawv cev uas tsis hnov mob nrog dilute hydrochloric acid thiab dej. Oxidized los ntawm concentrated nitric thiab sulfuric acids, halogens, oxygen, aqua regia, non-metal oxides, chalcogens. Thaum rhuab, nws reacts nrog hydrogen halides.

Yog tias huab cua ntub, tooj liab oxidizes tsim cov tooj liab (II) carbonate. Nws reacts zoo nrog txias thiab kub saturated sulfuric acid, kub anhydrous sulfuric acid.

tooj liab reacts nrog dilute hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen.

Kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry ntawm tooj liab

Txhua tus paub tias chemistry yog dab tsi. Tooj nyob rau hauv kev daws yog ib qho yooj yim mus ntes. Ua li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum moisten lub platinum hlau nrog cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, thiab tom qab ntawd coj mus rau hauv cov nplaim taws ntawm Bunsen burner. Yog tias tooj liab nyob hauv cov tshuaj, cov nplaim yuav xiav-ntsuab. Koj yuav tsum paub tias:

Feem ntau, cov tooj liab hauv cov kua qaub me ntsis yog ntsuas siv hydrogen sulfide: nws yog tov nrog cov khoom. Raws li txoj cai, tooj liab sulfide precipitates nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no.
Nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ions, tooj liab txiav txim siab complexometrically, ionometrically lossis potentiometrically.
Me me ntawm tooj liab hauv kev daws yog ntsuas los ntawm spectral thiab kinetic txoj kev.

siv tooj liab

Pom zoo, kev kawm ntawm tooj liab yog qhov lom zem heev. Yog li, cov hlau no muaj qhov tsis muaj zog. Vim qhov zoo no, tooj liab yog siv hauv hluav taws xob engineering rau kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam cables, xov hlau thiab lwm yam conductors. Copper xov hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv windings ntawm lub hwj chim transformers thiab hluav taws xob tsav. Los tsim cov khoom saum toj no, cov hlau yog xaiv cov ntshiab heev, vim impurities tam sim txo hluav taws xob conductivity. Thiab yog tias muaj 0.02% txhuas hauv tooj liab, nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity yuav txo 10%.

Qhov thib ob pab tau zoo ntawm tooj liab yogzoo heev thermal conductivity. Vim cov cuab yeej no, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kub exchangers, cua sov kav, cua sov dab dej thiab computer coolers.

Thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm tooj liab siv nyob qhov twg? Nws yog lub npe hu tias seamless round tooj liab raj muaj qhov zoo kawg nkaus txhua yam lub zog. Lawv zoo kawg nkaus tiv taus txhua yam kev ua haujlwm thiab siv los txav cov pa roj thiab kua. Feem ntau lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv roj av, dej, cua sov. Lawv tau siv dav hauv cov tub yees thiab cov tshuab cua txias.

Qhov nyuaj ntawm tooj liab yog paub rau ntau lub tebchaws. Yog li, hauv Fabkis, UK thiab Australia, cov kav dej tooj liab yog siv rau cov khoom siv roj rau cov tsev, hauv Sweden - rau cua sov, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Hong Kong - qhov no yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau dej.

Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev tsim cov kav dej thiab roj tooj liab yog tswj hwm los ntawm GOST R 52318-2005 tus qauv, thiab tsoomfwv Txoj Cai Lij Choj SP 40-108-2004 tswj lawv txoj kev siv. Cov kav dej ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab nws cov alloys tau nquag siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim nkoj kom txav chav thiab cov kua dej.

Koj puas paub tias cov tooj liab alloys siv ntau yam kev siv tshuab? Ntawm no, tooj dag thiab tooj dag suav hais tias yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws. Ob lub alloys muaj xws li tsev neeg colossal ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas, ntxiv rau zinc thiab tin, tej zaum yuav muaj xws li bismuth, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam hlau. Piv txwv li, gunmetal, siv mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ua artillery pieces, muaj tooj liab, tin, thiab zinc. Nws daim ntawv qhia hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiabTool manufacturing time.

Txhua tus paub txog kev tsim khoom zoo heev thiab siab ductility ntawm tooj liab. Vim cov khoom no, cov tooj dag zoo kawg nkaus mus rau hauv kev tsim cov plhaub rau riam phom thiab phom phom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov khoom pib yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab alloys nrog silicon, zinc, tin, aluminium thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Copper alloys yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog siab thiab khaws lawv cov khoom siv dag zog thaum kho cua sov. Lawv tsis kam hnav tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab nws cov nyhuv ntawm cov qauv. Thov nco ntsoov tias txoj cai no tsis siv rau beryllium bronze thiab qee cov txhuas bronzes.

Copper alloys muaj qhov qis dua ntawm elasticity dua li cov hlau. Lawv lub ntsiab kom zoo dua tuaj yeem hu ua me me coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam, ua ke rau feem ntau cov alloys nrog siab ductility, zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity thiab zoo heev tsis kam mus corrosion nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj ib puag ncig. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog txhuas bronzes thiab tooj liab-nickel alloys. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ib khub.

Xyaum txhua qhov tooj liab alloys muaj tib coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hnav tsis kam thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab, kev coj tus cwj pwm hauv ib puag ncig nruj ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov alloys. Lub ductility ntawm tooj liab yog siv nyob rau hauv ib-theem alloys, thiab lub zog yog siv nyob rau hauv ob-theem alloys. Cupronickel (tooj liab-nickel alloy) yog siv rau minting hloov npib. Copper-nickel alloys, suav nrog "Admir alty", yog siv hauv kev tsim nkoj. Lawv yog siv los ua cov raj rau condensers uas ntxuav cov turbine tso pa. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov turbines yog txias los ntawm outboard dej. Copper-nickel alloys muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev, yog li lawv tau nrhiav tom qab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas raug cuam tshuam los ntawm dej hiav txwv.

Qhov tseeb, tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tawv tawv tawv - cov hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus melting ntawm 590 txog 880 degrees Celsius. Nws yog lawv cov uas muaj adhesion zoo heev rau feem ntau cov hlau, vim hais tias lawv tau siv los khov kho txuas ntau yam hlau. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov yeeb nkab fittings lossis cov tshuab ua kua siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis sib xws.

Thiab tam sim no peb sau cov alloys uas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Dural los yog duralumin yog ib qho alloy ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab. Ntawm no tooj liab yog 4.4%. Alloys ntawm tooj liab thiab kub feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Lawv tsim nyog los ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, cov kub ntshiab yog cov hlau mos heev uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus txhua yam kev ntxhov siab. Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov kub ntshiab yog sai sai deformed thiab abraded.

Ntxim qab kawg, tooj liab oxides yog siv los tsim yttrium-barium-tooj liab oxide. Nws ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov khoom kub-kub superconductors. Tooj liab kuj siv los ua cov roj teeb thiab tooj liab oxide electrochemical hlwb.

Lwm daim ntawv thov

Koj puas paub tias tooj liab feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom siv rau cov polymerization ntawm acetylene? Vim yog cov cuab yeej no, cov kav dej tooj liab siv los thauj acetylene raug tso caisiv tsuas yog thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv lawv tsis tshaj 64%.

Tib neeg tau kawm siv cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Facades thiab ru tsev ua los ntawm cov ntawv nyias nyias ua haujlwm tsis muaj teeb meem rau 150 xyoo. Qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia yooj yim: hauv cov ntawv tooj liab, cov txheej txheem corrosion pib-extinguishes. Nyob rau hauv Russia, daim ntawv tooj liab yog siv rau facades thiab ru tsev raws li cov qauv ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Code of Rules SP 31-116-2006.

Nyob rau yav tom ntej tsis deb dhau lawm, tib neeg tab tom npaj siv tooj liab los ua cov kab mob hauv cov chaw kho mob kom tsis txhob kis kab mob nyob hauv tsev. Txhua qhov chaw kov los ntawm tib neeg tes - qhov rooj, tes tuav, railings, dej fittings, countertops, txaj - yuav ua los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm no amazing hlau.

Copper Marking

Tus neeg siv tooj liab qib dab tsi los tsim cov khoom nws xav tau? Muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv: M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. Feem ntau, cov qib tooj liab raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov purity ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus.

Piv txwv li, tooj liab qib M1r, M2r thiab M3r muaj 0.04% phosphorus thiab 0.01% oxygen, thiab qib M1, M2 thiab M3 - 0.05-0.08% oxygen. Tsis muaj oxygen hauv qib M0b, thiab hauv MO nws feem pua yog 0.02%.

Cia peb mus saib tooj liab. Cov lus hauv qab no yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv tseeb dua:

Copper Qib

M00

M0b

M1p

M2r

M3r

Puas

ntshai

tooj

99, 99

99, 95

99,97

99, 90

99,70

99, 50

99,00

27 qib tooj liab

Muaj nees nkaum xya qib ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Ib tug neeg siv cov khoom siv tooj liab li cas? Xav txog qhov nuance no kom ntxaws ntxiv:

Cu-DPH cov khoom siv los ua cov khoom tsim nyog los txuas cov kav dej.
AMF xav tau los tsim cov kub dov thiab txias dov anodes.
AMPU yog siv los tsim cov khoom txias-kuav los tiag thiab kub dov anodes.
M0 yog xav tau los tsim cov conductors tam sim no thiab cov khoom siv high-frequency.
Material M00 yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom siv high-frequency alloys thiab tam sim no conductors.
M001 yog siv rau kev tsim cov hlau, log tsheb thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob.
M001b yog xav tau rau kev tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob.
M00b yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv tam sim no, cov khoom siv siab zaus thiab cov khoom siv rau kev lag luam electrovacuum.
M00k - raw khoom rau tsim deformed thiab cam khwb cia blanks.
M0b yog siv los tsim cov hlau ntau zaus.
M0k yog siv los tsim cov cam khwb cia thiab deformed blanks.
M1 xav tau rau kev tsim khoomxaim thiab cov khoom ntawm cryogenic technology.
M16 yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv rau kev lag luam nqus.
M1E xav tau los tsim cov ntawv txias txias thiab strip.
M1k yog xav tau los tsim cov khoom ua tiav.
M1op yog siv rau kev tsim cov hlau thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob.
M1p yog siv los ua cov electrodes siv rau vuam cam khwb cia hlau thiab tooj liab.
M1pE xav tau rau kev tsim cov khaub thuas dov strip thiab ntawv ci.
M1u yog siv los tsim cov khaub thuas dov thiab kub dov anodes.
M1f yog xav tau los tsim daim kab xev, ntawv ci, cov ntawv kub dov thiab txias dov.
M2 yog siv los ua cov khoom siv tooj liab zoo thiab cov khoom ua tiav.
M2k yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom tiav.
M2p xav tau los ua cov kab.
M3 yog xav tau rau kev tsim cov khoom dov, alloys.
M3r yog siv los tsim cov khoom dov thiab alloys.
MB-1 yog xav tau los tsim cov bronzes beryllium.
MSr1 yog siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob.