Ib qho ntawm cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog txhuas. Nws tseem hu ua "flying metal". Txawm hais tias nws tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws tuaj yeem pom muaj ntau yam minerals. Thiab feem ntau cov alloy, uas yog siv los tsim ntau qhov chaw thiab cov qauv, yog duralumin (duralumin).
Nws tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Alfred Wilm, uas ua haujlwm ntawm Dürener Metallwerke AG cog (Düren). Nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov alloy ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo dua li cov hlau nws tus kheej hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab.
High zog alloy pawg
Qhov tseeb, duralumin yog tag nrho pawg ntawm cov alloys uas lub ntsiab yog txhuas, thiab nws cov alloying ntsiab yog tooj liab, zinc, manganese, magnesium. Tab sis nyob rau hauv dav dav, lawv cov yam ntxwv yog txiav txim tsis tsuas yog los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis kuj los ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev kho cua sov. Nyob rau hauv 1903, nws tau xub pom tias thaum lub sij hawm kev laus txheej txheem, ib tug aluminium alloy nrogtooj liab yuav ua tau ntev thiab tawv.
Raws li nws tau tshwm sim tom qab, qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias thaum, tom qab hardening, cov hlau nyob hauv chav sov li ob peb hnub, nws cov kua dej supersaturated decomposes, thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog nrog los ntawm hardening. cov khoom.
Txoj kev laus thiab rov qab mus rau lub xeev dhau los
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, hlau aging yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov qauv kev hloov pauv uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev thiab lub zog. Nws tuaj yeem yog ntuj thiab dag. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov hlau yog khaws cia rau ob peb hnub ntawm chav tsev kub.
Nrog cov laus laus, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm raug txo, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias tau nce. Txhawm rau kom rov qab cov hlau rau nws lub xeev dhau los, nws yuav tsum tau rhaub rau 270 degrees rau ob peb feeb thiab tom qab ntawd txias sai.
Aluminium production
Yuav ua kom cov txhuas txhuas nrog tooj liab, koj xav tau cov cuab yeej siv siab thiab, tau kawg, cov hlau nws tus kheej. Nws yog mined los ntawm bauxite. Qhov no yog lub pob zeb uas yuav tsum tau crushed, dej ntxiv rau nws thiab steamed nyob rau hauv siab. Yog li, silicon yog cais los ntawm alumina. Tom qab ntawd cov tuab tuab yog muab tso rau hauv ib da dej tshwj xeeb nrog ncaj qha cryolite. Cov ntsiab lus yog rhuab mus rau 950 ° C thiab hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm 400 kA dhau los ntawm nws.
Qhov no tso cai rau koj los rhuav tshem cov ntawv cog lus ntawm oxygen thiab aluminium atoms. Yog li ntawd, lub tom kawg settles mus rau hauv qab raws li ib tug kua hlau. Qhov no yog li cas castings yog ua los ntawm cov kua txhuas. Tam sim no hlautag nrho npaj rau machining. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom nws lub zog, nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying rau nws thiab yog li tau txais cov khoom zoo aluminium-tooj liab.
YDuralumin ntau lawm
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tag nrho cov txhuas alloys muab faib ua ob pawg: cam khwb cia thiab deformed. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov khoom yog nyob ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau txais thaum kawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tsim khoom kuj nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv xav tau.
Rau kev tsim cov duralumin, aluminium ingots yog yaj hauv lub cub hluav taws xob. Interestingly, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb cov hlau uas tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm cov khoom mus rau cov kua thiab vice versa ntau zaus. Qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam nws kev ua haujlwm. tooj liab thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab xws li manganese, hlau, thiab magnesium ntxiv nyob rau hauv lem rau molten txhuas. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam qhov feem pua piv: 93% txhuas, 5% tooj liab, qhov seem 2% yog lwm yam alloying ntsiab.
Hardening thiab annealing ntawm duralumin
Yuav tsum tau ua rau cov hlau zoo li no yog txheej txheem hardening. Lub sijhawm tuav rau qhov me me tsuas yog ob peb feeb xwb, thiab qhov kub yog li 500 ° C. Tam sim ntawd tom qab cov txheej txheem, duralumin yog mos thiab khov. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau deform thiab txheej txheem. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, cov alloy hardens thiab nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab nce. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj, oxidation tshwm sim thiab cov khoom poob nws cov yam ntxwv. Tom qab hardening, nws yuav tsum maj mam txias hauv dej txias.
Yog li, koj twb paub lub npe ntawm aluminium-tooj liab alloy. Nws feem ntau qiv nws tus kheej rau deformation: txias dov, kos duab, forging. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub thiaj li hu ua hardening tshwm sim. Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem thaum lub sij hawm lub zog thiab kev sib faib ntawm dislocations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov qauv hlau. Yog li ntawd, lub alloy nws tus kheej hloov nws cov qauv, ua nyuaj thiab muaj zog. Qhov no txo nws cov ductility thiab cuam tshuam lub zog. Txhawm rau kom cov deformations hla tau yooj yim dua thiab kev ua haujlwm hardening tsis rhuav tshem cov hlau, annealing yog siv. Ua li no, cov hlau yog rhuab mus rau 350 ° C thiab tom qab ntawd txias hauv huab cua.
Daim ntawv qhia lub xeev ntawm cov hlau (txhuas thiab tooj liab)
Yuav kom piav qhia meej meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm duralumin hauv cov khoom thiab cov kua hauv lub xeev, nrog rau piav qhia qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau, siv lub xeev daim duab.
Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm nws tias qhov siab tshaj plaws solubility ntawm Cu nyob rau hauv ib qho alloy nrog txhuas yog pom ntawm qhov kub ntawm 548 ° C thiab tib lub sijhawm nws yog 5.7%. Thaum kub nce, nws yuav nce, thiab thaum nws ntog, nws yuav txo. Kev solubility tsawg (0.5%) yuav pom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Yog hais tias lub duralumin yog hardened saum 400 ° C, nws yuav dhau los ua ib homogeneous tov - α.
Thaum tus txheej txheem no, cov tshuaj tov yuav decompose. Ib qho alloy ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab coj txawv txawv, cov qauv ntawm uas yog CuAl 2. txheej txheem yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntau dhau theem A1. Qhov kev tawg no tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawmntev. Nov yog kev laus uas peb tau hais dhau los.
Alloy khoom
Alloying ib tug hlau nrog tej yam khoom ua rau nws ua tau kom nws cov yam ntxwv. Koj puas nco qab lub npe ntawm aluminium-tooj liab alloy? Nws muaj dab tsi?
Aluminium nws tus kheej yog lub teeb heev, muag muag thiab tsis yooj yim kiag li. Nws yog soluble nyob rau hauv weakly concentrated alkalis thiab acids. Los ntawm kev ntxiv tooj liab thiab magnesium rau txhuas, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau zoo sib xws. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yog qhov yooj yim los txhim kho - koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau tso nws mus pw hauv chav sov. Yog li, cov nyhuv ntawm kev laus nce lub zog ntawm duralumin, raws li peb tau tham saum toj no.
Aluminium nws tus kheej yog lub teeb heev. Ib feem me me ntawm tooj liab tsis ua rau alloy hnyav dua. Lwm tus yam ntxwv zoo yog lub peev xwm rov ua dua cov hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsis poob nws cov khoom. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas xav tau yog muab nws "so" rau ob peb hnub tom qab casting.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm duralumin yog nws qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion tsawg. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov khoom no yog them nrog ib txheej huv si ntawm txhuas los yog pleev xim rau cov kua roj vanish thiab xim.
Aluminium alloys thiab lawv daim ntawv thov
Thawj zaug, duralumin tau siv los ua lub dav hlau. Lub teeb thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub dav hlau zoo heev. Rau qhov no, hom D16t tau siv. Tam sim no, alloys nrog txhuas, zinc, tooj liab thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauvastronautics, aviation thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm mechanical engineering.
Yog li, piv txwv li, kev siv duralumin hauv kev tsim lub tsheb tuaj yeem txo nws qhov hnyav thiab nqi, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws yuav muaj zog txaus.
Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias qhov ntau ntawm cov hlau no yog qhov dav heev: cov kav dej, cov xov hlau, cov ntawv txheeb, cov kab xev, cov pas nrig thiab cov cam khwb cia ntawm ntau yam duab. D16t tseem suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws thiab ntau hom. Tsab ntawv me "t" nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm lub cim txhais tau hais tias cov alloy yog hardened thiab ib txwm muaj hnub nyoog. Nws siv:
- In the designs of spacecraft, ships and aircraft.
- Kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau qhov chaw rau cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab tshuab.
- Rau qhov tsim cov paib, cov paib txoj kev.
Txhua tus yuav tsum paub lub npe ntawm cov hlau nplaum ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab. Dural kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam roj. Yog li, cov kav dej tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm nws tuaj yeem ua kom lub qhov dej ua haujlwm tau 6-7 xyoo.
Lub npe ntawm cov alloy ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab yog dab tsi, nco ntsoov yooj yim. Yog li, peb tau hais tias nws muaj dab tsi thiab qhov twg nws siv. Nws tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim dov steel, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws tsim nyog los ua kom lub teeb yuag.
