Nyob rau xyoo 1920, Lub Rau Hli 4, Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Trianon tau kos npe los ntawm Hungary thiab cov xeev uas yeej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Daim ntawv cog lus tau pib siv rau lub Xya Hli 26, 1921. Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov nqe lus ntawm Trianon Treaty nrog Hungary.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Ntawm cov nom tswv tseem ceeb yog:
- USA.
- Britain.
- Italy.
- Fabkis.
- Japan.
Lawv tau koom nrog kev kos npe ntawm Trianon Peace Treaty xyoo 1920:
- Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats thiab Serbs.
- Nicaragua.
- Cuba.
- Poland.
- Panama.
- Siam.
- Romania.
- Portugal.
- Czechoslovakia.
Daim ntawv cog lus no yog ib feem ntawm Versailles-Washington system rau kev daws qhov teeb meem ntawm thaj chaw tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Ntxiv rau nws, daim ntawv cog lus Neuilly, Saint-Germain thiab Sevres daim ntawv cog lus nrog Qaib Cov Txwv tau kos npe.
Backstory
Qhov xaus ntawm Treaty of Trianon nrog Hungary tshwm sim tom qab nrog Austria thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nws yogvim yog qhov nyuaj sab hauv thiab sab nraud kev nom kev tswv. Cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv Hungary thaum lub sijhawm ntawd ua rau muaj kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab kev cuam tshuam txawv teb chaws.
Xyoo 1918, Austria-Hungary tau tawg, Hungary tau tshaj tawm lub tebchaws. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, qhov kev pom zoo tau kos npe rau ntawm kev sib tw thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Hungary tshaj tawm nws qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Austria-Hungary.
Muab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Entente tau txiav txim siab tias nws tsim nyog los xaus qhov kev cog lus tshiab. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, tsoom fwv ywj pheej ntawm Hungarian koom pheej tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus tshiab hauv Belgrade nrog cov koom nrog lub teb chaws. Lub delegation los ntawm Entente ces yog tus thawj coj ntawm Fabkis. Nws tau tsim cov ntsiab lus nruj dua li Hungary xav tau.
Tib lub sijhawm, cov koom pheej tsim tshiab tau pom nws tus kheej hauv kev cuam tshuam kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv kev ua tub rog-kev tswj hwm, uas tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tom qab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, qhov loj ntawm cov tub rog Hungarian tau txo qis. Vim li no, cov tub rog ntawm Yugoslavia, Romania thiab Czechoslovakia thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1918-1919. nthuav dav lawv thaj chaw, txeeb thaj av ntawm cov tebchaws hluas.
kev daws teeb meem
Thaum kawg ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 1919, pawg thawj coj tshwj xeeb coj los ntawm Fab Kis tus sawv cev Andre Tardieu ntawm Paris Peace Conference tau thov kom tshem tawm cov tub rog ntawm Hungary thiab Romania, thiab qhiaCov tub rog Asmeskas, Fabkis, Italian thiab Askiv.
20 Lub Peb Hlis Fabkis xa tsab ntawv kawg rau lub koom pheej Hungarian. Nyob rau hauv nws, tsoomfwv yuav tsum paub txog ciam teb raws txoj kab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tub rog Republican nyob rau hnub uas daim ntawv tau kos. Hungarian Thawj Tswj Hwm Karolyi, paub tias nws qhov kev pom zoo yuav ua rau poob ntawm thaj chaw loj heev, tawm haujlwm thiab hloov pauv lub zog tag nrho thiab, raws li qhov xav tau los daws cov teeb meem uas tau tshwm sim rau cov zej zog kev ywj pheej. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, koom ua ke nrog cov communist thiab tsim ib tug coalition tsoom fwv. Shandora Garbai tau los ua nws tus thawj coj, thiab Bela Kun tau los ua nws tus thawj coj tiag tiag. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 21, lub koom pheej Hungarian Soviet tau tshaj tawm.
Hungary swb
Bela Kun xav kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov teb chaws Entente. Nws txawm ntsib Jan Smuts, yav tom ntej tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm South African Union. Tab sis Fab Kis thiab Askiv tsis teb rau cov kev sib tham no.
Soviet Hungary nkag siab tias yuav tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xwm txheej los ntawm cov koom haum, yog li ntawd, nws suav nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm tebchaws Russia thiab kev tawm tsam socialist. Lub Entente lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lem, sim los ntawm tag nrho cov txhais tau tias yuav ua rau aggravate qhov teeb meem ntawm lub koom pheej. Lub teb chaws pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug ua tiav blockade, ncaj qha kev cuam tshuam tub rog pib. Thaum pib, cov tub rog Hungarian tuav kev tiv thaiv thiab txawm mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam: lub koom pheej Slovak tau tshaj tawm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb ntawm Slovakia.
Tom qab kev yeej ntawm cov tub rog Hungarian hla cov tub rog Czechoslovak, tus thawj tswj hwmTebchaws Asmeskas, Wilson yuav tsum tau xa daim ntawv caw mus rau tsoomfwv Hungarian rau lub rooj sib tham Paris. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hungary tau txais qhov kawg ntawm Clemenceau. Nyob rau hauv nws, Fabkis tus thawj tswj hwm tau thov kom cov tub rog Hungarian raug tshem tawm ntawm Slovakia, thim rov qab txoj kab demarcation, uas tau tsim nyob rau thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis. Rov qab los, nws tau cog lus tias yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam los ntawm Romania.
Tsoom fwv socialist ntawm Hungary lees txais cov nqe lus ntawm qhov kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov koom haum tsis tsuas yog tsis tso cai rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov koom pheej rau kev sib haum xeeb, lawv tsis ua tiav lawv cov luag haujlwm ua ntej, txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, Soviet hwj chim nyob rau hauv Hungary poob. Tsuas yog tom qab kev yeej tsoomfwv ntawm Republic tau caw tuaj rau Paris.
Negotiations
Hloov cov Social Democrats hauv Hungary, cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam thiab tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam tau los ua lub zog nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Miklós Horthy. Tsoom fwv no tau yooj yim dua rau Entente, tab sis cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham tsis tau softened kiag li.
Ib tus tsim tawm ntawm Trianon Treaty ntawm 1920 yog Edvard Benes. Qhov no diplomat thiab cov nom tswv tseem ceeb tau suav tias yog "tus kws tsim qauv" ntawm Czechoslovakia. Nws hais kom ua raws li qhov xav tau nruj rau Budapest, vim nws ntseeg tias nws yog tsoomfwv Hungarian uas tau ua txhaum ntau dua ntawm kev pib ua tsov rog dua li nom tswv Vienna.
Ib pawg neeg sawv cev los ntawm Hungary tuaj txog hauv Paris coj los ntawm Count Albert Appony. Tom qab 8 hnub, daim phiaj xwm Trianon Treaty raug xa mus rau cov neeg sawv cev.
Lub teb chaws Entente pom zoo nkaus xwbrau me me concessions thiab tso cai rau me me hloov. Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov loj ntawm Hungarian Armed Forces, cov lus hais txog cov tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm tau softened me ntsis. Kev nce hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tso cai, txawm li cas los xij, yog "Tsoomfwv Tswj Xyuas pom tias tus lej tsis txaus."
Tsoomfwv Hungarian yeej tsis muaj sijhawm los cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm Treaty of Trianon. Thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1920, cov neeg sawv cev tau tawm mus tsev.
theem kawg ntawm kev npaj
Lub Peb Hlis 8, Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Txawv Tebchaws tau tham txog lub sijhawm kawg ntawm cov teeb meem ntsig txog kev tsim ciam teb ntawm Hungary. Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Askiv tau tso cai hloov kho cov xwm txheej uas tau tsim ua ntej, tab sis tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Fabkis tau tsis lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm hloov kho. Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj tswj hwm tshiab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb hauv Paris, Alexander Millerand, tom qab nyeem cov ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv Trianon Treaty, tau sau ib daim ntawv ntxiv rau nws. Nws tso cai rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov kho tom ntej ntawm ciam teb ntawm Hungary.
Hungarian diplomats, tau txais cov qauv nrog cov ntawv txuas, xav tias qhov kev pom zoo yuav yog ib ntus thiab kos npe rau nws.
Nyob rau hauv quab yuam
Kev pom zoo ntawm Treaty of Trianon tau tshwm sim xyoo 1920, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15th. Tom qab kos npe los ntawm cov teb chaws tseem ceeb ntawm Entente, qhov kev pom zoo tau pib siv. Txawm li cas los xij, Asmeskas tus thawj tswj hwm tsis kam lees pom zoo rau Treaty of Trianon. Hloov chaw, daim ntawv cog lus cais tau kos npe rau xyoo 1921, thaum Lub Yim Hli 29. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli, daim ntawv cog lus no tau pom zoo los ntawm US Senate.
Cov Lus Pom Zoo
Trianon Treaty tau kos los ua raws li qhov piv txwv ntawm Saint-Germain Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo xyoo 1919. Cov ntu sib cais tau sib sau ua ke yuav luag txhua lo lus.
Cov ntawv nyeem suav nrog 364 kab lus, uas tau muab tso ua ke rau 14 ntu. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv cog lus muaj cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus tshaj tawm.
Raws li kev cog lus, Hungary poob ntau thaj chaw:
- Eastern thaj tsam ntawm Banata thiab Transylvania tau muab rau Romania.
- Cov cheeb tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Banata, Bačka thiab Croatia tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws Yugoslav.
- Ib feem ntawm Ugocha, Maramarosh, Komarma, Nograd, Bereg, Nitor thiab Ung tau txais Czechoslovakia.
- Burgenland rov qab mus rau Austria. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog hais tias cov nom annexation ntawm thaj chaw no provoked muaj kev kub ntxhov. Kev tawm tsam rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Austrian tub ceev xwm tau nres los ntawm Hungarian snipers, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog Hungarian. Los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Italian diplomats, qhov teeb meem tau daws. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1921, muaj kev xaiv tsa, vim tias cov cheeb tsam ntawm Bergenland, qhov twg cov neeg Hungarian yog cov neeg tseem ceeb, tau pov npav rau koom nrog Hungary.
kev cai nom tswv
Raws li lawv, Hungary tau tso tseg ib qho ntawm nws txoj cai thiab lub hauv paus rau lawv qhov tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog thaj chaw ntawm Austria-Hungary qub, uas tau muab rau Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Ltalis thiab Yugoslavia. Tib lub sijhawm, kev ywj pheej ntawm Czechoslovakia thiab Yugoslavia tau tshaj tawm.
tsoomfwv Hungarian cojlub luag hauj lwm muab tag nrho cov pej xeem muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub neej, kev ywj pheej, tsis hais txog keeb kwm, haiv neeg, kev ntseeg, haiv neeg, lus. Txhua tus neeg yuav tsum tau txais kev ncaj ncees ntawm nom tswv thiab pej xeem txoj cai.
