Khoom noj khoom haus yog txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas lub cev tau txais lub zog tsim nyog thiab cov as-ham rau cellular metabolism, kho thiab loj hlob.
Heterotrophs: general yam ntxwv
Heterotrophs yog cov kab mob uas siv cov khoom noj organic. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj organic los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo, xws li autotrophs (cov nroj tsuag ntsuab thiab qee cov prokaryotes) ua hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yees duab- lossis chemosynthesis. Tias yog vim li cas txoj sia nyob ntawm cov kab mob tau piav qhia nyob ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm autotrophs.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias heterotrophs yog tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, fungi, nrog rau ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov kab mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov duab- lossis chemosynthesis. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias muaj qee yam kab mob uas siv lub zog ntawm lub teeb los tsim lawv tus kheej cov organic. Lawv yog photoheterotrophs.
Heterotrophs tau txais zaub mov ntau yam. Tab sis lawv txhua tus los rau hauv peb txheej txheem tseem ceeb (kev zom zaub mov, nqus thiab assimilation), uas cov molecular complexes tau tawg mus rau hauv cov yooj yim dua thiab absorbed los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nrog rau kev siv rau lub cev xav tau kev pab.
Kev faib tawm ntawm heterotrophs
Txhua tus tau muab faib ua 2 pawg loj - cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg decomposers. Cov tom kawg yog qhov kawg txuas hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus, vim lawv muaj peev xwm hloov cov organic tebchaw rau hauv cov zaub mov. Cov neeg tau txais kev pab yog cov kab mob uas siv cov organic sib xyaw ua ke uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm autotrophs yam tsis muaj lawv qhov kawg hloov mus rau hauv cov ntxhia seem.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, heterotrophs yog saprophytes lossis kab mob cab. Saprophytes pub rau cov organic tebchaw ntawm cov kab mob tuag. Cov no yog cov tsiaj feem ntau, cov poov xab, pwm thiab cov kab mob fungi, nrog rau cov kab mob uas ua rau cov txheej txheem fermentation thiab lwj.
Parasites pub rau cov organic tebchaw ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Cov no suav nrog qee cov kab mob protozoa, kab mob cab cab, kab nqus ntshav thiab mites. Cov pab pawg no kuj suav nrog cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob pathogenic, cov kab mob parasitic heterotrophic nroj tsuag (piv txwv li, mistletoe) thiab cov kab mob parasitic fungi.
Khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov kab mob heterotrophic
Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev noj haus, heterotrophs muaj ntau haiv neeg. Yog li, ntawm lawv muaj herbivorous los yog carnivorous hom, parasites thiab predators, kab mob uas noj cov nroj tsuag tuag fibers los yog tsiaj corpses li zaub mov, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas siv yaj organic tshuaj rau lawv noj.
Yog tias peb tham txog hom khoom noj khoom haus heterotrophic, peb yuav tsum hais txog hom holozoic. Cov khoom noj zoo li no feem ntau yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab suav nrogcov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
- Ncua zaub mov nqos.
- Kev zom zaub mov. Nws cuam tshuam cov organic molecules rau hauv cov khoom me me uas yaj yooj yim dua hauv dej. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov zaub mov yog thawj mechanically hauv av (piv txwv li, nrog cov hniav), tom qab uas nws raug rau tshwj xeeb digestive enzymes (tshuaj digestion).
- Sab. Cov zaub mov tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, lossis thawj zaug rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog nws tam sim no mus rau ntau yam kabmob.
- Assimilation (tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation). Nws nyob ntawm kev siv cov as-ham.
- Excretion - tshem tawm cov khoom kawg ntawm cov metabolism thiab cov zaub mov tsis zoo.
Saprotrophic kab mob
Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, cov kab mob uas noj cov organic residues raug hu ua saprophytes. Txhawm rau zom cov zaub mov, lawv tso cov enzymes tsim nyog, thiab tom qab ntawd nqus cov tshuaj uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev zom zaub mov ntxiv. Mushrooms - heterotrophs, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug saprophytic khoom noj khoom haus - cov no yog, piv txwv li, poov xab los yog fungi Mucor, Rhizppus. Lawv nyob ntawm qhov nruab nrab cov zaub mov thiab tso tawm cov enzymes, thiab cov nyias nyias thiab cov ceg mycelium muab qhov nqus dej tseem ceeb. Hauv qhov no, cov piam thaj mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa thiab muab cov fungi nrog lub zog, uas yog siv rau cov tshuaj metabolic. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ntau cov kab mob kuj yog saprophytes.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntau lub tebchaw uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm noj zaub mov ntawm saprophytes tsis absorbed los ntawm lawv. Cov tshuaj no nkag mus rau ib puag ncig, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Yog vim li cas qhov kev ua ntawm saprophytes plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov tshuaj.
Lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib koom tes
Lo lus "symbiosis" tau qhia los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb de Bari, uas tau sau tseg tias muaj kev koom tes lossis kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob ntawm ntau hom.
Yog li, muaj cov kab mob heterotrophic uas nyob hauv lub plab zom mov ntawm cov tsiaj zom zaub mov. Lawv muaj peev xwm zom cov cellulose los ntawm kev pub rau nws. Cov kab mob no tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab zom cov cellulose rau hauv cov sib xyaw yooj yim uas cov tsiaj muaj peev xwm zom tau thiab sib xyaw ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm xws li symbiosis yog cov nroj tsuag thiab cov cag nodules ntawm cov kab mob ntawm genus Rhizobium.
Yog peb tham txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam kab mob, peb yuav tsum hais txog qhov tshwm sim xws li kab mob parasitism. Nyob rau hauv nws, ib tug ntawm lawv (tus cab) tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thaum lwm tus tsuas yog ua phem rau (tus tswv tsev). Yog li, tus kab mob no tshem tawm tsis tau tsuas yog cov as-ham los ntawm qhov uas nws nyob, tab sis kuj tau txais ib qho chaw nyob ntawm nws.
Parasites nyob rau sab nraud ntawm tus tswv tsev yog hu ua ectoparasites (fleas, zuam lossis leeches). Lawv ua tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug kab mob txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Cov sab hauv yog obligatory. Lawv tsuas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov kab mob parasitic (piv txwv li, nqaij npuas tapeworm, plasmodia lossis daim siab fluke).
Zoo kawg, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tiasheterotrophs yog ib pab pawg neeg uas muaj sia nyob uas tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg xwb, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lwm yam kab mob.
