Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Empress Anna Ioannovna, kev tsim tsa lub koom haum gentry tau tshwm sim hauv St. Xyoo 1732 yog thawj lub sijhawm kawm hauv nws. Txoj cai lij choj raug muab tso rau hauv 1731, thaum Lub Rau Hli 29. Cia peb xav ntxiv seb cov gentry corps zoo li cas.
xyoo 1732
Nyob rau theem pib ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj haujlwm, cov kws qhia ntawv tau txais yam tsis muaj kev sim. Pib xyoo 1736, cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws tau pib nyiam kev qhia. Lub gentry corps tau qhib nyob rau hauv 1732, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 17. Hnub no, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau txais 56 tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Lub rau hli ntuj twb muaj 352 leej lawm, tag nrho lawv tau muab faib ua peb lub tuam txhab. Xyoo 1734, lub Rau Hli 8, thawj qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. Thawj thaj av gentry corps nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm nyiam Peter lub Great Menshikov. Cov kws saib xyuas, cov kws qhia ntawv, ib feem ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab ib tug pov thawj yuav tsum nyob hauv tib lub tsev. Xyoo 1752, Naval Gentry Corps tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Academy
Destination
Kev tsim cov gentry corps yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev qhia tsis yog tub rog nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev qhuab qhia dav dav. Nws cob qhia ob tug tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm. Qhov no yog thawj tus neeg Lavxias teb sablub cev tau txawv txawv ntawm cov neeg European. Nyob rau theem pib, ntau yam kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv tau ua tiav. Ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau cov dej num ntawm lub koom haum tau ua los ntawm I. I. Betskoy thiab M. I. Kutuzov.
Kev Kawm Txuj Ci
Ntawm cov kev kawm uas qhia nyob rau hauv lub gentry corps yog:
- geography;
- history;
- Artillery;
- math;
- fencing;
- fortification;
- caij;
- Latin, German, Fabkis;
- rhetoric;
- grammar;
- hu;
- heraldry;
- dancing;
- kev coj ncaj ncees thiab lwm tus.
Ntxiv rau, muaj cov chav kawm txhua hnub hauv "tub rog kev tawm dag zog" - rov ua dua ntawm qee yam kev txawj. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau tsim los tuav lawv ib zaug ib lub lim tiam kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm lwm yam kev qhuab qhia. Cov me nyuam ntawm nobles uas kawm sau ntawv thiab nyeem tau txais mus rau hauv lub corps, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua gentry, uas yog, noble. Hnub nyoog ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv yog 13 mus rau 18 xyoo.
Kev koom tes ntawm kev cob qhia
Lub teb chaws gentry corps tau muab faib ua ob lub tuam txhab. Txhua tus muaj 100 tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Muaj 6-7 tus neeg nyob hauv chav. Ib tug ntawm lawv tau raug tsa "assigner in comradeship" (senior). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ceev xwm raug xaiv thoob plaws hauv lub corps (lieutenant thiab captain). Lawv tsis raug tso cai tawm hauv lub tsev. Kev tsim cov gentry corps tau nrog los ntawm qee qhov teeb meem. Nws ua haujlwm kev cob qhia uas tsim los ntawm Munich. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog deb ntawm zoo meej. Cov kws qhia ntawv tsis tshua piav txog qhov no lossis cov khoom ntawd. Qhov tseeb, lawv yuav tsum nco cov ntu. Tib yam muaj tseeb rau kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej. Cov txheej txheem kev kawm yog dhuav thiab monotonous, tsis arousing txaus siab ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tau sim ua kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm los ntawm kev qhia pom cov ntsiab lus. Txhawm rau ua kom cov tub ntxhais kawm paub lus txawv teb chaws, ib tug tub rog rau leej twg, piv txwv li, German yog haiv neeg, tau muab tso rau hauv ib chav nyob ib sab ntawm ib tug nom tswv Lavxias. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau muab faib ua pawg kev qhuab qhia uas lawv kawm. Tag nrho cov chav kawm suav nrog 4 chav kawm: qib 1 yog cov laus, thiab qib 4 yog cov junior. Kev kawm hauv 1-3 hlwb. tau 5-6 xyoo. Ib tug kawm tiav, nyob ntawm chav kawm uas nws kawm, tau txais qib tub rog lossis qib pej xeem.
Kev kawm txuj ci
Qhov qhib ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas neeg poob rau lub sijhawm tom qab Petrine. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov neeg saib xyuas nco qab cov lus txib qhia los ntawm huab tais. Yog li ntawd, lawv kuj tau pauv mus rau gentry (noble) corps. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv raug kho raws li "qib qeb duas". Cov kev cai uas tau nthuav tawm rau lawv yeej tsis txawv ntawm cov uas tau tsim los rau cov tub rog. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv kuj raug rau txim vim ua txhaum txoj cai thiab kev cai. Qhov xwm txheej no txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum thaj av gentry cadet corps tau coj los ntawm I. I. Betskoy.
Cov lus qhia luv luv ntawm tus thawj coj tshiab
I. I. Betskoy yog tus tub tsis raug cai ntawm Trubetskoy, tus tub huabtais uas poob rau hauvLub sij hawm ntawm Tsov Rog Northern rau Swedes ntes. Raws li kev lig kev cai uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, leej txiv muab tus menyuam ib feem ntawm nws lub xeem. Nrog rau qhov no, tus tub ntawm tus tub huabtais nto moo tau txais kev kawm zoo heev thiab muaj hmoo heev. Betsky txoj haujlwm tub rog pib hauv Denmark. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau tsiv mus rau Russia. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, Betskoy nrhiav tau Thawj Tsev Kho Mob. Txij thaum ntawd los pib nws txoj hauj lwm ua ib tug xib hwb. Catherine Thib Ob nrog kev pom zoo zoo tau kho nws lub tswv yim ntawm kev qhia cov neeg ntawm "tshiab yug me nyuam". Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub sij hawm los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub gentry corps, Betsky twb muaj heev heev pedagogical kev thiab tsim views. Ntxiv rau lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob, nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam thiab Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Noble Maidens. Catherine txhawb nqa nws txoj haujlwm hauv txhua txoj hauv kev, ntseeg tias cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov nom tswv yuav tsum tau kawm kom raug thiab npaj rau kev ua haujlwm hauv xeev thiab tub rog.
theem tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Betskoy tau coj cov tub rog tub rog tub rog hauv 1765, Lub Peb Hlis 7th. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1766, nws kos li Charter. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, cov tuam txhab tau liquidated. Raws li Charter, 5 hnub nyoog tau qhia. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj 5 departments, qhov twg cov me nyuam ntawm ob nobles thiab raznochintsy kawm. Cov tom kawg yuav tsum cob qhia cov kws qhia. Ntawm qhov sib npaug, lawv tau kawm nrog cov tub rog. Yog li Betskoy tau sim coj cov chav sib txawv los ze rau qee qhov, txhawm rau zam kev tsis pom zoo ntawm lawv yav tom ntej.
Juvenile department
Cov tub ceev xwm pib txais cov tub hluas hnub nyoog 5-6 xyoo. Nyob rau txhua lub hnub nyoog lawv yuav tsumkawm 3 xyoos, tab sis lawv raug tso tawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20 xyoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau 15 xyoo nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov niam txiv raug txwv tsis pub thov tus menyuam rov qab los. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj coob tus neeg xav muab lawv cov xeeb ntxwv rau kev kawm. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov nom tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis paub txog Academy of Sciences, lossis Greco-Latin Academy, lossis lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Lawv suav tias lawv tsis tsim nyog rau lawv cov menyuam. Txawm li cas los xij, Betskoy pib nyiam cov tub hluas uas nws niam nws txiv raug mob lossis tuag hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab tau dhau los ua neeg pluag thiab tsis tuaj yeem muab kev kawm zoo rau tus menyuam ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txoj cai ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tau khaws cia tom qab. Thawj (cov menyuam yaus) hnub nyoog yog nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas. Lawv taug kev nrog cov tub hluas, saib xyuas lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv, qhia ntau yam lus txawv teb chaws rau lawv, thiab txhawb kom cov menyuam coj tus cwj pwm zoo. Ib tug pov thawj thiab ib tug kws txiav txim plaub kuj muaj nyob hauv lub tuam tsev no. Ntxiv nrog rau kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg nws tus kheej, lawv tau kawm raws li Txoj Cai ntawm Vajtswv. Kuj tseem muaj cov kws qhia lus Lavxias, seev cev thiab kos duab hauv chav haujlwm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog nyob hauv ib lub tsev sib cais.
thib ob
Nws suav nrog menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 9-12. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov txiv neej pab qhia. Lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob hnyav nrog cov me nyuam. Lawv lub luag haujlwm suav nrog kev qhia cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm rau lawv tus kheej, txhawb nqa "kev hlub rau kev tsim txiaj thiab coj tus cwj pwm zoo." Cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau ceeb toom txog cov peev txheej ntawm cov menyuam yaus, lawv txoj kev nyiam thiab kev nyiam. Kev soj ntsuam yuav tsum tau ua ob qho tib si thaum kawm thiab thaum lub sij hawm so. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev txiav txim siab tom ntej ntawm thaj chaw uas ib lossis lwm tus menyuam tuaj yeem koom nrog. Ntxiv nrog rau kev qhuab qhia, kev kawm uas tau pib thaum yau, cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 9-12 tau qhia keeb kwm, chronology, geography, geometry thiab lej lej, mythology, thiab lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus.
Cov me nyuam 12-15 xyoos
Lub koom haum ntawm ceg no yuav luag zoo ib yam li yav dhau los. Raws li Betsky txoj kev npaj, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub hnub nyoog no yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov kev qhuab qhia, kev kawm uas tau pib ua ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau qhia Latin, lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem thiab tub rog architecture, thiab accounting. Hauv chav haujlwm thib peb, kev kawm dav dav tau tiav.
hnub nyoog 4th thiab 5th
Nyob hauv cov chav haujlwm no, kev kawm thiab lub neej ntawm cov menyuam kawm tau hloov pauv. Txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, tub ceev xwm saib xyuas cov menyuam yaus. Lawv yuav tsum xyuas kom cov tub kawm ntawv tsis txhob siv lawv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv idleness. Lawv yuav tsum tau ua nruj ua tsiv nrog cov tub rog, tab sis tsis muaj kev ntshai rau lawv. Cov lus txib ntawm 4th thiab 5th division yog ua los ntawm ib tug lieutenant Colonel. Cov thawj coj - nws pab - qhia cov tub kawm ntawv cov tub rog kev qhuab qhia. Ntawm lawv yog fortification, tiv thaiv thiab siege ntawm fortresses, artillery, charters. Kev cob qhia xyaum yog ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm uas tsis yog tub txib. Txij xyoo 1775, chemistry thiab physics tau qhia ua cov kev kawm yuam kev. Cov chav tshwj xeeb tau nruab rau lawv txoj kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas tau them rau txoj cai lij choj thiab pej xeem architecture, kev paub ntawm German, Latin (lossis Italian) thiab Fabkis tau tob zuj zus. Cov menyuam kawm ntawvkuj koom nrog caij nees, fencing.
Kev ua yeeb yam
Cov kws qhia ntawv tau caw tuaj koom lub koom haum saib xyuas. Ntawm lawv yog Lavxias teb sab kws ua yeeb yam (Plavilshchikov, piv txwv li), thiab neeg txawv teb chaws. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias theatrical art nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Nws txawm tsim lub Society of Lovers of Literature. Nws lub koom haum yog Alexander Sumarokov, uas kawm tiav los ntawm Artillery engineering gentry corps nyob rau hauv 1740. Tom qab ib pliag, nws los ua ib tug loj sau ntawv. Ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev ua yeeb yam, Fyodor Volkov, kuj yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub corps thiab yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Sumarokov Society.
Exams
Lawv tau tuav txhua 4 lub hlis. Muaj kev xeem zaum kawg thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo. Nws tau tshwm sim rau pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm empress nws tus kheej los yog nom tswv, generals, sab ntsuj plig, civil nobles. Qhov kev txiav txim tau hloov tom qab. Yog li, tsuas yog 2 xyoo kev xeem pej xeem pib muaj - nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Peb Hlis thiab Lub Cuaj Hli. Nws tau koom los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov senators, ib co xib fwb thiab lecturers. Rau txhua qhov kev qhuab qhia, qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau teem tseg - los ntawm 1/8 txog 128. Piv txwv li, rau "Lavxias sau ntawv" tus menyuam kawm ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm 1/8 mus rau 2, rau cov qauv sau ntawv - los ntawm 1 txog 96, lej - los ntawm 1 mus rau 32 thiab lwm yam. Tom qab dhau tag nrho cov kev kawm, cov ntsiab lus tau ntxiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo tshaj plaws tau txiav txim siab. Lawv tau txais khoom plig, ntau yam phau ntawv, cov cuab yeej kos duab. Txhua qhov kev ua tiav thiab khoom plig tau nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv. Lawv suavthaum muab faib thaum kawg ntawm kev cob qhia.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Ib "hais phab ntsa" tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev gentry. Ntau yam aphorisms, kev xav ntawm ancients tau sau rau ntawm nws. Tom qab kawm tiav, suav Anh alt, taug kev nrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv lub tiaj ua si, piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau, sib tham nrog cov tub rog, sim ua kom lawv tsis tsuas yog nco, tab sis kuj nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus. Lub tsev kawm ntawv kuj tau sau ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws thiab hauv tsev. Lub tsev muaj nws lub vaj botanical. Nws suav nrog cov nroj tsuag tsis yog los ntawm Russia, tab sis kuj los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev kawm yog kev sib tham tus kheej ntawm tus thawj coj nrog cov tub hluas. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tau zoo ntawm Betskaya, thiab tom qab ntawd Anh alt, raug caw tuaj rau lawv lub tsev rau tshuaj yej. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis muaj hnub nyoog tau mus xyuas Catherine II.
Tsis kawm
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias tau 15 xyoo cov tub ntxhais kawm tau xyaum nyob rau hauv tsev cog khoom. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb, lawv tau muab sib nrauj los ntawm qhov tseeb. Cov tub ntxhais hluas, tau txais kev kawm zoo heev thiab kev loj hlob, tau ntsib kev nyuaj siab tiag tiag ntawm feudal Russia. Feem ntau lawv poob, tsis paub yuav ua li cas siv txhua yam uas lawv tau qhia tau ntau xyoo. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ntawm cov kawm tiav muaj ib tug ob peb generals, tub ceev xwm, statesmen, feem ntau ntawm lawv tawm ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, rov qab mus rau lawv cov vaj tse.
Kutuzov's directorate
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov xwm txheej sab nraud Russia tau zoo heev. ThaumCov tub rog muaj koob meej ntawm Napoleon, uas ci ntsa iab hauv kev sib tw hauv Tebchaws Europe, mus txog qhov kawg. Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Russia nkag siab tias lub sijhawm yuav los thaum Russia, ib yam nkaus, yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv nws ciam teb. Yuav kom ua tau li no, lub teb chaws xav tau cov tub ceev xwm muaj peev xwm thiab tau txais kev cob qhia muaj peev xwm ua tub rog. Cov gentry corps, uas yog nrov thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, daws qhov teeb meem no tsuas yog ib feem. Nyob rau hauv 1794, tus tuag suav Anh alt (Betsky tus successor) tau hloov los ntawm M. I. Kutuzov. Nws pib nws txoj hauj lwm nrog lub reorganization ntawm lub tsev. Hloov 5 hnub nyoog, 4 musketeers thiab 1 lub tuam txhab grenadier tau qhia. Txhua tus muaj 96 tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Cov chav kawm raug muab tso tseg hauv chav saib xyuas menyuam yaus. Kutuzov ntseeg tias muaj zog tshwj xeeb, cov tub rog lub cev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem tau txais kev paub zoo thiab ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog. Hais txog qhov no, hauv chav haujlwm junior, cov tub hluas tau tawv thaum taug kev, ua si sab nraum zoov txhua hnub.
Kev qhuab qhia
Kev tsim cov tub rog tub rog yog thawj zaug tsim los cob qhia tib neeg hauv ob thaj chaw - tub rog thiab pej xeem. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ib ntus qhov xwm txheej hloov. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm Kutuzov tus thawj coj, txoj kev kawm ntawm tub rog sciences tau txais ib tug pronounced tswv yim cwj pwm. Cov chav kawm rau cov thawj coj loj tau raug ncua rau 2 lub hlis hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau ua ib txwm nyob hauv lwm lub tsev kawm tub rog. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov camps, cov menyuam kawm ntawv sawv ntawm 6 thaum sawv ntxov mus rau lub nruas. Tib lub teeb liab tau siv los tshaj tawm qhov pib thiab xaus ntawm cov chav kawm, noj su, noj tshais, thiab noj hmo. Ntau yam kev tawm tsam tau xyaum hauv lub yeej rog, cov chav kawm tau tuavtua los ntawm cov riam phom thiab phom loj. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm ua cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm thaj chaw, ua haujlwm nrog cov duab qhia chaw, paub txog cov cim sib txawv, thiab rov tsim kho dua ntawm cov lus txib. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub sijhawm dawb, cov tub rog tau koom nrog kev cob qhia lub cev, ua luam dej, sunbathing. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav tau siv los ua piv txwv. Kutuzov cim lawv nrog kev txiav txim. Cov neeg uas ua tsis tau zoo hauv kev qhuab qhia yuav tsum tau kawm cov kev kawm thaum hnub so. Kutuzov siv tsis tau tsuas yog txoj kev ntxias, tab sis kuj coercion.
Lub koom haum tshiab ntawm txoj kev kawm
Thaum Kutuzov kev coj noj coj ua, cov txheej txheem qhia hauv chav kawm tau tsim. Cov pab pawg tau pib koom ua ke cov tub kawm ntawv kwv yees li tib theem ntawm kev paub thiab hnub nyoog. Hloov mus rau cov chav kawm tom ntej tau ua raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem dhau kev xeem hauv cov kev kawm tshwj xeeb. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhia hnub so lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no. Tau ntau xyoo, cov chav kawm tau loj hlob mus rau ib tsev neeg nyob ze. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo no tau tshwm sim hauv kev pabcuam ntxiv. Kev teem caij ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tom qab kawm tiav tau qhia kom ua ncaj ncees.
Zoo kawg
Thaum peb ntsib cov tub kawm thawj zaug, Kutuzov hais tias nws yuav ua rau lawv zoo li cov tub rog, tsis zoo li menyuam yaus. Cov lus no ua rau lawv tsis meej pem. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kawm tiav, hais lus zoo rau lawv, nws tau hais tias txawm hais tias lawv tsis hlub nws thaum pib ntawm nws cov lus, nws xav kom lawv muaj kev zoo siab thiab yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj kev hlub rau lawv nrog lawv txoj kev hwm, koob meej. thiab kev mob siab rau Fatherland. Kutuzov tau daws teeb meemteeb meem hauv kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia cov tub ceev xwm yav tom ntej. Nws nrhiav kom paub txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, uas yog kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij, cov thawj coj muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog uas tuaj yeem tiv taus Napoleon cov tub rog, uas tau txais kev paub ua tub rog thiab lub zog. Tom qab ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Kutuzov tau ua pov thawj ua tau zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Patriotic War ntawm 1812
