Kev sib tw caj npab tsis yog tus cwj pwm ntawm ob peb lub xyoo dhau los. Nws pib ntev dhau los thiab, hmoov tsis, txuas ntxiv rau lub sijhawm tam sim no. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub xeev yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb rau nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv.
Aeronautics pib loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv lub lig kaum cuaj - thaum ntxov xyoo pua nees nkaum. Balloons tau mastered, thiab me ntsis tom qab - airships. Ib qho ingenious invention, raws li feem ntau tshwm sim, tau muab tso rau ntawm ib tug tsov rog footing. Nkag mus rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab thaj chaw uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, tshuaj lom tshuaj lom tshaj cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm, cuam tshuam saboteurs qab yeeb ncuab kab - npau suav kawg ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Pom tseeb, txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv cov ciam teb ua tiav, txhua lub xeev tau txaus siab los tsim cov riam phom muaj zog uas muaj peev xwm ntaus lub hom phiaj ya. Nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej uas qhia tias yuav tsum tau tsim cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau - ib hom riam phom uas muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov yeeb ncuab lub hom phiaj, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv lawv thaj chaw. Yog li ntawd, tus yeeb ncuab twb deprived ntawm lub sij hawm los inflictpab tub rog loj heev los ntawm huab cua.
Cov kab lus mob siab rau kev tiv thaiv dav hlau artillery txiav txim siab txog kev faib cov riam phom no, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho thiab kev txhim kho. Cov kev teeb tsa uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Soviet Union thiab Wehrmacht thaum Tsov Rog Loj Loj, lawv daim ntawv thov tau piav qhia. Nws kuj qhia txog kev txhim kho thiab kev sim ntawm cov riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau no, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws siv.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm cov phom loj los tawm tsam huab cua hom phiaj
Lub npe ntawm hom riam phom no yog qhov txaus siab - anti-aircraft artillery. Hom artillery no tau txais nws lub npe vim yog thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm phom - huab cua. Yog li ntawd, lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov phom, raws li txoj cai, yog 360 degrees thiab tso cai rau koj mus tua ntawm lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub ntuj saum lub phom - ntawm lub zenith.
Thawj qhov hais txog hom riam phom no hais txog qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov riam phom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tub rog yog lub peev xwm hem ntawm huab cua tawm tsam los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws maj zuj zus kev sib raug zoo.
Nws tsis yog qhov zais cia tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tsim lub dav hlau ntev ntev tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev ua phem. Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor thiab designer, ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau zoo yog tsim nyob rau xyoo 1900 ntawm thawj lub dav hlau - zeppelin LZ 1. Thiab txawm hais tias cov cuab yeej no tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws twb ua rau muaj kev hem thawj.
Kom muaj riam phom muaj peev xwmtiv thaiv German balloons thiab airships (zeppelins), Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws pib nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev sim. Yog li, thawj xyoo 1891, thawj qhov kev sim tau muaj, mob siab rau kev tua los ntawm riam phom muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws ntawm cov phiaj xwm huab cua loj. Lub hom phiaj rau kev tua hluav taws no yog cov huab cua zoo tib yam txav los ntawm horsepower. Txawm hais tias qhov kev tawm tsam tau muaj qhov tshwm sim, tag nrho cov tub rog cov lus txib koom nrog hauv kev tawm dag zog yog kev sib koom ua ke uas yuav tsum muaj rab phom tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm cov tub rog. Yog li pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm anti-aircraft artillery nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Cannon qauv 1914-1915
Tam sim no xyoo 1901, cov neeg tua phom hauv tsev tau xa mus rau kev sib tham txog qhov project ntawm thawj cov phom tiv thaiv hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub teb chaws cov thawj coj tub rog sab saum toj tsis lees paub lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim riam phom zoo li no, sib cav txog nws qhov kev txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov xav tau loj heev rau nws.
Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1908, lub tswv yim ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau txais "lub caij nyoog thib ob". Ntau tus kws tsim txuj ci tsim qauv tsim cov ntsiab lus siv rau yav tom ntej phom, thiab qhov project tau tso siab rau pab pawg tsim qauv coj los ntawm Franz Lender.
Hauv xyoo 1914 qhov project tau ua tiav, thiab xyoo 1915 nws tau hloov kho tshiab. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cov lus nug uas tshwm sim: yuav ua li cas txav riam phom loj mus rau qhov chaw yog?
Qhov kev daws tau pom - txhawm rau txhim kho lub cev ntawm lub tsheb nrog lub cannon. Yog li, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo, thawj daim ntawv luam ntawm rab phom mounted rau ib lub tsheb tshwm sim. lub logCov tsheb thauj neeg Lavxias "Russo-B alt-T" thiab Asmeskas "Dawb" tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev txav phom.
Yog li thawj cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv tebchaws tau tsim, nrov npe hu ua "Lender Gun" los ntawm lub npe ntawm nws tus tsim. Cov riam phom ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Obviously, nrog lub invention ntawm aircraft, qhov riam phom no tas li poob nws qhov tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv kawg ntawm rab phom no tau ua haujlwm txog thaum kawg ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
Kev siv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau
rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau siv rau hauv kev ua yeeb ncuab kom ua tiav tsis yog ib qho, tab sis ntau lub hom phiaj.
Ua ntej, tua ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cua lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog hom riam phom no tsim rau.
Thib ob, qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas siv tau npaj txhij txog thaum rov tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab lossis tawm tsam. Hauv qhov no, cov neeg tua phom tau muab cov chaw tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum raug rho tawm haujlwm. Qhov kev siv no kuj tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov yeeb ncuab cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab khoom siv.
Tsis tas li, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tank tsim.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev faib cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xav txog qhov feem ntau ntawm lawv: kev faib tawm los ntawm caliber thiab kev faib tawm los ntawm kev tso kawm.
Raws hom ntsuas
Txaispaub qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub caliber ntawm rab phom phom. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, riam phom me me yog qhov txawv (lub npe hu ua me me-caliber anti-aircraft artillery). Nws txawv ntawm nees nkaum mus rau rau caum millimeters. Raws li qhov nruab nrab (los ntawm rau caum mus rau ib puas millimeters) thiab loj (ntau tshaj ib puas millimeters) calibers.
Qhov kev faib tawm no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib txoj hauv kev. Qhov loj dua lub caliber ntawm rab phom, qhov loj thiab hnyav nws yog. Yog li ntawd, cov phom loj-caliber yog qhov nyuaj rau txav ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau, loj-caliber anti-aircraft phom tau muab tso rau ntawm cov khoom nyob ruaj ruaj. Me-caliber anti-aircraft artillery, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj kev txav mus los zoo tshaj plaws. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no tau yooj yim thauj yog tias tsim nyog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub anti-aircraft artillery ntawm USSR yeej tsis tau ntxiv nrog cov phom loj-caliber.
Ib hom riam phom tshwj xeeb - rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Lub caliber ntawm cov phom no txawv ntawm 12 mus rau 14.5 millimeters.
Los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom
Qhov kev faib tawm tom ntej ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yog raws li hom kev tso ntawm rab phom ntawm cov khoom. Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, cov khoom siv riam phom hauv qab no yog qhov txawv. Conventionally, kev faib los ntawm cov khoom yog muab faib ua peb subspecies: self-propelled, nyob ruaj ruaj thiab trailed.
Cov phom phom tiv thaiv tus kheej tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm nws tus kheej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas ua rau lawv txawb ntau dua li lwm hom subspecies. Piv txwv li, lub roj teeb tiv thaiv dav hlau tuaj yeem hloov pauv nws txoj haujlwm tam sim ntawd thiab khiav tawm ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam. Self-propelled anti-aircraft phom kuj muaj lawv tus kheej kev faib tawm raws li hom chassis: ntawm lub wheelbase, ntawmtaug qab puag thiab ib nrab-tracked puag.
Cov kab txuas ntxiv tom ntej ntawm kev faib tawm los ntawm cov chaw nyob yog cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ruaj khov. Lub npe ntawm cov subspecies no hais rau nws tus kheej - lawv tsis yog tsim los txav thiab txuas rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab meej. Ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nyob ruaj ruaj, ob peb hom kuj txawv.
thawj yog lub fortress anti-aircraft phom. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau muab tso rau ntawm cov chaw tsim kev lag luam loj uas yuav xav tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cua tawm tsam. Cov phom no feem ntau hnyav thiab muaj lub cev loj.
Hom tom ntej ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nyob ruaj khov yog cov tub rog naval. Xws li kev teeb tsa yog siv nyob rau hauv lub nkoj thiab tau tsim los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua naval. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom no yog los tiv thaiv lub nkoj ua rog los ntawm kev tawm tsam huab cua.
Qhov txawv txawv tshaj plaws ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau uas nyob ruaj ruaj yog cov tsheb ciav hlau armored. Xws li ib rab phom tau muab tso ua ib feem ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov sib xyaw los ntawm kev foob pob. Hom riam phom no tsawg dua li ob lwm.
Hom kawg ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau uas nyob ruaj ruaj yog taug qab. Cov riam phom zoo li no tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej thiab tsis muaj lub cav, tab sis tau rub los ntawm lub tsheb laij teb thiab kuj tseem txawb.
Anti-aircraft phom thaum lub sij hawm Great Patriotic War
Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob rau kev tiv thaiv dav hlau yog lub sijhawm kawg. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov riam phom no tau siv ntau dua. Soviet anti-aircraft artillery tawm tsam German "cov npoj yaig". Ob qho ntawd thiablwm sab tau armed nrog nthuav qauv. Cia peb tau paub txog cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Soviet anti-aircraft phom
Lub dav hlau tawm tsam ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob ntawm USSR muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb - nws tsis loj-caliber. Ntawm tsib daim ntawv luam uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Soviet Union, plaub yog mobile: 72-K, 52-K, 61-K thiab 1938 qauv phom. rab phom 3K tau nyob ruaj ruaj thiab npaj rau kev tiv thaiv cov khoom.
Qhov tseem ceeb heev tau muab tsis yog rau kev tsim cov phom nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog rau kev cob qhia ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau uas tsim nyog. Ib tug ntawm cov chaw ntawm lub USSR rau kev cob qhia tsim nyog anti-aircraft gunners yog lub Sevastopol lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm anti-aircraft artillery. Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj lwm lub npe luv luv - SUZA. Cov kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv lub nroog Sevastopol thiab pab txhawb rau kev yeej ntawm Nazi invader.
Yog li, cia peb saib ze dua ntawm txhua qhov ntawm USSR tiv thaiv dav hlau phom loj hauv kev nce qib los ntawm xyoo ntawm kev txhim kho.
76mm K-3 phom
Stationary fortress gun, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov khoom siv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau. Lub caliber ntawm rab phom yog 76 millimeters, yog li ntawd, qhov no yog ib tug nruab nrab-caliber phom.
Tus qauv ntawm cov riam phom no yog kev txhim kho ntawm German tuam txhab "Rheinmetall" nrog 75-millimeter caliber. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li plaub txhiab rab phom no tau ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog hauv tsev.
rab phom muaj ntau qhov zoo. Rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nws muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ballistic (qhov pib tshaj tawm ntawm qhov projectile yogtshaj 800 meters ib ob) thiab ib tug semi-automatic mechanism. Manually, tsuas yog txhaj tshuaj yuav tsum raug rho tawm ntawm rab phom no.
Ib qhov hnyav tshaj 6.5 kilograms, raug rho tawm los ntawm rab phom mus rau saum huab cua, tuaj yeem tswj hwm nws cov yam ntxwv tuag ntawm qhov siab tshaj 9 mais.
Lub tsheb (mount) ntawm rab phom muab lub kaum sab xis ntawm 360 degrees.
Rau nws qhov loj, rab phom tau nrawm nrawm - 20 rounds per minute.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom riam phom no tau tshwm sim hauv Soviet-Finnish tsov rog thiab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj.
76 mm phom los ntawm 1938
Ib daim ntawv tsis tshua muaj uas tsis tau muab faib rau hauv cov tub rog Soviet. Txawm hais tias kev ua tau zoo ballistic, rab phom no tsis yooj yim siv vim lub sijhawm coj nws mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua - txog li 5 feeb. Cov phom tau siv los ntawm Soviet Union thaum ntxov ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
Tsis ntev nws tau hloov kho tshiab thiab hloov los ntawm lwm daim ntawv - phom K-52. Sab nraud, cov phom zoo sib xws thiab sib txawv tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus me hauv lub thoob.
85 mm K-52 phom
Hloov kho 1938 76mm phom qauv. Ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws los tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom loj ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, uas daws tsis tau tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau thiab tsaws rog, tab sis kuj rhuav tshem cov cuab yeej ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tank German.
Ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm nruj, rab phom tshuab tau ua kom yooj yim thiab txhim kho tas li, tso cai rau nws cov khoom loj thiab siv.pem hauv ntej.
Cov riam phom muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov mos txwv nplua nuj. Lub projectile raug rho tawm los ntawm lub thoob ntawm cov riam phom no muaj peev xwm ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov siab txog li 10 txhiab meters. Thawj zaug ya davhlau ceev ntawm ib tug neeg projectiles tshaj 1 txhiab meters ib ob, uas yog ib tug zoo kawg li tshwm sim. Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm qhov projectile ntawm rab phom no tuaj yeem ncav cuag 9.5 kilograms.
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tus thawj tsim qauv Dorokhin tau rov muab lub xeev khoom plig rau kev tsim phom no.
37mm K-61 phom
Lwm tus masterpiece ntawm anti-aircraft artillery ntawm USSR. Tus qauv tau coj los ntawm Swedish qauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv dav hlau riam phom. rab phom nrov heev uas nws tau ua haujlwm nrog qee lub tebchaws mus txog niaj hnub no.
Koj tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm rab phom? Nws yog me me-caliber. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau nthuav tawm feem ntau ntawm nws qhov zoo. Lub 37-mm projectile tau lav tias yuav luag txhua lub dav hlau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ib qho ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub dav hlau tiv thaiv kev ua tsov rog ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II yog qhov loj loj ntawm lub plhaub, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau nruab rab phom. Vim yog qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile, kev ua haujlwm nrog rab phom yog qhov yooj yim, thiab qhov hluav taws kub tau ruaj khov - txog li 170 rounds ib feeb. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis siv neeg tua hluav taws kuj tau pab.
Los ntawm qhov minuses ntawm riam phom no, ib tus tuaj yeem sau cov neeg tsis zoo nkag mus ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam "hauv pliaj". Yuav kom ntaus lub tank, nws yuav tsum tau nyob tsis pub dhau 500 meters ntawm lub hom phiaj. Nrog lwm tusNtawm qhov tod tes, qhov no yog rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tsis yog phom tiv thaiv tank. Kev tua phom tiv thaiv dav hlau los ntawm kev ntaus cua lub hom phiaj, thiab rab phom ua tau zoo heev nrog txoj haujlwm no.
25 mm 72-K phom
Daim npav tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom no yog lub teeb (txog 1200 kilograms) thiab kev txav mus los (txog 60 mais ntawm ib teev ntawm txoj kev loj). Cov dej num ntawm rab phom suav nrog kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm cov tub rog thaum lub sij hawm cov yeeb ncuab cua tawm tsam.
Cov riam phom muaj qhov hluav taws kub zoo heev - tsis pub dhau 250 puag ncig ib feeb, thiab tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov neeg coob ntawm 6 tus neeg.
Txhua 5,000 yam riam phom no tau tsim tawm thoob plaws keeb kwm.
Armament of Germany
Wehrmacht anti-aircraft artillery tau sawv cev los ntawm cov phom ntawm tag nrho cov calibers - los ntawm me me (Flak-30) mus rau loj (105 hli Flak-38). Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv German huab cua tiv thaiv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob yog tus nqi ntawm German counterparts, piv rau cov Soviet, yog ntau dua.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Wehrmacht tsuas yog tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm nws cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau thaum tiv thaiv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm kev tawm tsam huab cua los ntawm USSR, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Askiv, thaum tsov rog twb yuav luag ploj.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev sim tseem ceeb ntawm Wehrmacht yog Wustrov anti-aircraft artillery ntau yam. Nyob rau ntawm ib ceg av qab teb hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov dej, qhov ntau yog lub platform zoo heev rau kev sim phom. Tom qab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, lub hauv paus no tau nyob los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, thiab lub chaw qhia kev tiv thaiv huab cua Wustrovka tau tsim.
Huab cua tiv thaiv hauv Nyab Laj Tsov Rog
Cais, tus nqi ntawmanti-aircraft artillery nyob rau Nyab Laj Tsov Rog. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb yog cov tub rog Asmeskas, tsis xav siv cov tub rog, tsis tu ncua kev tawm tsam huab cua ntawm DRV. Qee zaum, qhov kev foob pob tawg tau nce mus txog 200 tons ib square kilometers.
Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Nyab Laj tsis muaj dab tsi tawm tsam Asmeskas aviation, uas tom kawg siv zog.
Nyob rau theem thib ob ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm nruab nrab thiab me me poob rau hauv kev pabcuam nrog Nyab Laj, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev foob pob hauv lub tebchaws rau cov neeg Amelikas. Tsuas yog xyoo 1965 xwb puas yog Nyab Laj muaj lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tiag tiag tuaj yeem muab cov lus teb tsim nyog rau kev tawm tsam huab cua.
Modern stage
Tam sim no, cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis tau siv rau hauv kev tsim tub rog. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tuaj ntau qhov tseeb thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau missile systems.
Ntau rab phom los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj muaj nyob hauv tsev cia puav pheej, chaw ua si thiab chaw ua si rau kev yeej. Qee cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tseem siv nyob rau hauv toj siab ua phom tiv thaiv avalanche.
