Morphophysiological kev nce qib: yam ntxwv, caj ces hauv paus thiab piv txwv

Cov txheej txheem:

Morphophysiological kev nce qib: yam ntxwv, caj ces hauv paus thiab piv txwv
Morphophysiological kev nce qib: yam ntxwv, caj ces hauv paus thiab piv txwv
Anonim

Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Lub tswv yim no qhia txog kev nyiam dav dav ntawm cov kab ke ua neej kom nyuaj rau lub koom haum nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm evolution. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev txiav txim rov qab kuj tau pom - simplification - los yog stabilization ntawm cov tshuab nyob rau tib theem ntawm complexity, cov kev taw qhia ntawm evolutionary txheej txheem ntawm ib co loj pawg ntawm cov kab mob qhia txoj kev loj hlob ntawm yooj yim mus rau complex.

Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv zuj zus tau ua los ntawm AN Severtsov (1866-1936), yog ib tus tsim ntawm evolutionary morphology ntawm cov tsiaj.

Kev txhim kho cov tswv yim hais txog kev nce qib ntawm kev ua neej nyob

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm A. N. Severtsov yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lom neeg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm morphophysiological.

A. N. Severtsov
A. N. Severtsov

Kev nce qib hauv keeb kwm yog hais txog kev ua tiav los ntawm txhua pawg kab mob. Nws yuav tshwm simhauv ntau hom xws li:

  • nce qib ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm pab pawg rau ib puag ncig;
  • population growth;
  • nquag speciation hauv ib pab pawg;
  • nthuav dav thaj chaw nyob los ntawm pawg;
  • nce ntxiv ntawm cov pab pawg subordinate (piv txwv li, tus naj npawb ntawm cov chav nyob hauv chav tsev tsiaj).

Raws li, qhov txo qis ntawm cov kev ntsuas no ua rau tsis ua haujlwm - kev lom zem ntawm ib pawg kab mob.

Morphophysiological kev nce qib yog lub tswv yim nqaim. Lo lus no yog hais txog kev txhim kho lub koom haum, qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev nce qib tau ua kom tau los ze rau kev nkag siab tias yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas morphophysiological kev vam meej ua kom muaj kev vam meej lom neeg.

Lub tswvyim ntawm aromorphosis

Lub sijhawm kuj tau hais los ntawm A. N. Severtsov. Aromorphosis yog ib qho kev hloov pauv uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Progressive evolution yog zoo li ib tug series ntawm xws li kev hloov. Aromorphoses, yog li, tuaj yeem suav hais tias cais cov theem ntawm morphophysiological kev nce qib (arogenesis).

Qhov tseem ceeb Vertebrate Aromorphoses
Qhov tseem ceeb Vertebrate Aromorphoses

Aromorphosis yog qhov kev hloov pauv loj uas ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntxiv thiab ua rau ib pawg tsiaj lossis cov nroj tsuag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab, xws li hloov chaw nyob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm aromorphoses, raws li ib tug txoj cai, high-ranked taxa tshwm sim, xws li ib tug tshiab chav kawm ntawv los yog hom kab mob.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv (morphology) tsuas yog ua ke nrog kev ua haujlwm tau zoo tuaj yeem suav tias yog aromorphosis. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm qee yam haujlwm ntawm lub neej nyob.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm arogenesis

Morphophysiological kev nce qib yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem uas txiav txim siab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua neej nyob.

  • theem ntawm homeostasis nce - lub peev xwm los tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lub cev (piv txwv li, lub cev kub tsis tu ncua hauv cov tsiaj ntshav sov, ntsev muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lwm yam). Lub peev xwm los tswj kev ruaj khov ntawm kev loj hlob hauv kev hloov pauv sab nraud kuj nce ntxiv - homeoresis. Qhov no qhia txog kev txhim kho cov kev tswj hwm.
  • theem kev sib pauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev thiab ib puag ncig sab nraud tau loj hlob. Piv txwv li, cov tsiaj ntshav sov muaj cov metabolism sai.
  • Cov ntaub ntawv ntau zuj zus, txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua nws tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj. Yog li, nrog cov teeb meem ntawm genome, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm caj ces nce. Kev vam meej ntawm cov vertebrates yog nrog rau cov txheej txheem cephalization - kev loj hlob thiab teeb meem ntawm lub hlwb.

Yog li, kev nce qib ntawm morphophysiological, cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov ntsuas saum toj no, tso cai rau kev ua neej nyob kom muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud.

Genetic foundations of evolutionary transformations

Cov khoom uas dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv yog cov noob caj noob ces ntawm tib neeg cov kab mob. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog kev sib txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm tib neeg thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Cov tsav tsheb lojlawv cov yam tseem ceeb yog recombination ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces thaum kis mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv thiab kev hloov pauv. Qhov kawg tuaj yeem rov ua dua thiab khaws cia.

Gene mutation illustration
Gene mutation illustration

Natural xaiv txhawb kev hloov pauv tau zoo hauv cov noob caj noob ces thiab pov tseg cov teeb meem. Kev hloov pauv nruab nrab hauv cov noob caj noob ces, thiab thaum muaj kev hloov pauv, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tseem raug xaiv.

Los ntawm kev sib cuag, pejxeem pauv cov noob, ua tsaug rau qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov hom yog khaws cia. Nws raug ua txhaum cai nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm ntau yam kev xaiv rau cais cov pej xeem - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv pab txhawb rau tus txheej txheem ntawm speciation.

Ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev xaiv qhov kev txiav txim yog kev hloov pauv tau. Qee tus ntawm lawv dhau los ua qhov loj heev thiab tseem ceeb hauv qee qhov xwm txheej - cov no yog aromorphoses.

Piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm aromorphic

Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob unicellular, piv txwv ntawm aromorphosis yog cov xwm txheej loj evolutionary xws li kev tsim cov hlwb nrog mitochondria (tom kawg yog cov kab mob ywj pheej nyob rau theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej), qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib deev, qhov tsos ntawm eukaryotic hlwb..

Qhov loj tshaj plaws aromorphosis hauv tsiaj lub nceeg vaj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb multicellularity (multi-tissue). Nyob rau hauv chordates thiab vertebrates, piv txwv ntawm xws li loj structural thiab functional rearrangements ntawm kab mob yog: tsim ntawm lub paj hlwb hemispheres, lub puab tsaig apparatus (nrog rau kev hloov ntawm lub anterior gill arches), cov tsos ntawm amnion nyob rau hauv cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm siab dua tetrapods thiab sov-ntshav nyob rau hauv cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov tsiaj thiabnoog (ywj siab ntawm ob pawg).

Cov tsos ntawm lub puab tsaig yog ib qho tseem ceeb aromorphosis
Cov tsos ntawm lub puab tsaig yog ib qho tseem ceeb aromorphosis

Nroj tsuag kuj qhia tau ntau yam piv txwv ntawm kev kawm morphophysiological: kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg, nplooj thiab hauv paus kev loj hlob, paj ntoos qhuav hauv gymnosperms, thiab paj hauv angiosperms.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem evolutionary

Ntxiv rau aromorphosis, A. N. Severtsov tau hais tawm cov kev hloov pauv xws li idioadaptation (allomorphosis) thiab morphophysiological regression (catagenesis, degeneration, general degeneration).

Idioadaptations yog kev hloov kho hauv zos rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Idioadaptations muaj xws li, piv txwv li, cov tsos ntawm cov xim tiv thaiv los yog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ceg tawv hauv cov tsiaj, hloov kho cov tua hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Yog tias vim aromorphoses qhov loj tshaj plaws taxa (lub nceeg vaj, phylum, chav kawm) tau tsim, ces idioadaptations yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim ntawm taxa ntawm ib qib qis - xaj, tsev neeg thiab hauv qab no. Idioadaptations yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub cev, txo los yog nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg lub cev, thaum aromorphoses manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm qualitatively tshiab qauv.

Idioadaptive evolution ntawm cetaceans
Idioadaptive evolution ntawm cetaceans

Kev kos ib kab meej ntawm idioadaptation thiab aromorphosis tuaj yeem nyuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, nws muaj peev xwm ntsuas qhov ntsuas thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv tsuas yog tom qab qhov tseeb, thaum nws twb paub tias nws ua lub luag haujlwm li cas hauv kev hloov pauv ntxiv.

Raws li kev thim rov qab, nws yog qhov yooj yim ntawm lub koom haum dav dav ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua rau poob ntawm qee qhov nta uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau qee pawg.kab mob nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab. Lawv yuav raug txiav los ntawm kev xaiv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub tunicates, lub chord raug txo; Nyob rau hauv parasitic thiab semi-parasitic nroj tsuag (mistletoe) lub hauv paus system yog txo.

Yam ntawm evolution thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev lom neeg

Tag nrho cov phenomena - morphophysiological regression thiab kev vam meej, idioadaptation - cuam tshuam txoj hmoo ntawm kev ua neej nyob.

Yog li, cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo yog cuam tshuam, raws li txoj cai, nrog rau kev hloov mus rau kev ua neej tsis tshua muaj zog (parasitic, sedentary). Ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas kev xaiv yuav txhawb kom muaj kev hloov pauv uas ua rau poob ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas tsis txaus ntseeg thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab no. Nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov xwm txheej, kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau pab pawg ua tiav, uas yog, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev vam meej lom neeg.

Idio hloov kho kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev vam meej, vim tias, txawm tias lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb, lawv ua rau pab pawg ua tiav hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.

Adaptive hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj
Adaptive hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj

Raws li rau aromorphoses, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav kev ua tiav lom neeg, vim tias lawv tau txais kev hloov pauv loj thiab tso cai rau kev loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw tshiab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm aromorphic hloov pauv hauv pab pawg, muaj qhov loj thiab ncaj ncees nce nrawm ntawm ntau haiv neeg, kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb nrog kev tshwj xeeb hauv cov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw tshiab - hloov hluav taws xob. Qhov no piav qhia yog vim li cas morphophysiological kev nce qib ua kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm cov tsiaj.

yam uas txwv tsis pub muaj arogenesis

Kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau pawg kab mob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg siab dua), vim tias lawv lub koom haum ua haujlwm nyuaj, tuaj yeem txwv kev txwv ntxiv rau arogenesis, channeling nws nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia thiab hloov qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus txheej txheem nws tus kheej. Qhov no twb tshwm sim nyob rau theem caj ces: qhov teeb meem ntawm cov genome feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev nce ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj hwm uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg mutagenesis.

Txoj kev ntawm evolution ntawm cov kab mob siab dua yog txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob hauv keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob evolve mas biochemically, thiab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev txhim kho adaptations, xaiv culls ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg. Hauv eukaryotes, kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv morphological. Raws li rau cov tsiaj siab dua, vim yog qib siab ntawm cephalization, kev hloov pauv ntawm tus cwj pwm ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lawv. Rau qee qhov, qhov no txo qhov xav tau ntawm kev hloov pauv morphological thaum lub neej hloov pauv. Cov qauv no tau pom meej meej tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm anthropogenesis.

Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev vam meej ntawm evolution

Peb tuaj yeem pom meej qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau lub koom haum nyob rau hauv tej pawg - kom meej meej nyob rau hauv vertebrates los yog vascular nroj tsuag. Yog tias peb khaws cia rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, ces lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm txoj kab ntawm morphophysiological kev loj hlob tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov theem ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim lub neej. Nws yog qhov xav tau los xav tias qhov kev nyiam no yog qhov muaj nyob hauv cov khoom muaj sia nyob.

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov ntsuas kub, lub neej tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog txheej txheem autocatalytic ntawm tus kheej lub koom haumchemical systems nrog rau kev rho tawm thiab hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm ib puag ncig. Txoj kev xav ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej qhia peb tias sai li sai tau thaum qhov nyuaj ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm tus kheej mus txog ib theem, lub kaw lus cia li tswj qhov nyuaj thiab muaj peev xwm nce ntxiv.

Qhov kev nce hauv qhov nyuaj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog ua tau xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tsim nyog rau lub neej thaum ntxov, thaum txawm tias cov kab mob tseem ceeb, ntawm ib sab, sib tw rau cov peev txheej sab nraud, thiab lwm yam, nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo, uas ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo. kev siv zog ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej no. Tom qab ntawd, pom tseeb, cov lus hais saum toj no rau qhov teeb meem tau muab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj biochemical, suav nrog cov noob caj noob ces, cov khoom ntawm lub cev nyob.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm parallelism hauv evolution
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm parallelism hauv evolution

Ib qho kev lees paub tsis ncaj ntawm qhov kev xav no tuaj yeem yog qhov muaj kev sib luag hauv cov kab evolutionary ntawm ntau pawg kab mob. Tsis xav tsis thoob lawv hais, piv txwv li, tsis yog hais txog "qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg", tab sis hais txog "kev tsim cov tsiaj txhu ntawm cov tsiaj txhu", yog li hais txog ntau pawg neeg koom nrog hauv txheej txheem.

Nws paub tias qhov tseem ceeb aromorphoses tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, rau qee qhov, cov txheej txheem ntawm arogenesis nyob ntawm seb cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob lawv tus kheej.

Tom qab mus txog qee theem ntawm qhov nyuaj, cov pab pawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis cov tsiaj muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ib yam aromorphoses yuav luag ib txhij, tom qab ntawd, raws li txoj cai, cov pab pawg uas tau ua tiav kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv sai sai tawm tom ntej.”,ua qauv qhia lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev nce qib morphophysiological leap.

Pom zoo: