Vim cov kab mob tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub cellular daim ntawv ntawm lub neej, lub sij hawm "virion" yog siv raws li ib tug xaiv rau ib tug discrete viral particle. Lub tswv yim no tau nthuav tawm xyoo 1962 los ntawm Fab Kis Fab Kis André Lvov.
Tus kab mob no tsis muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv no txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau qee theem ntawm nws lub neej voj voog.
Dab tsi yog virion
Virion yog theem kawg ntawm kev txhim kho tus kabmob, uas suav nrog cov txheej txheem ua tiav thiab cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau ntim rau hauv ib qho. Daim ntawv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kab mob, txawm li cas los xij, rau qee lub sij hawm tom qab kev sib sau ua ke, virion kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes.
Vim lub virion tsuas yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm chav tsev morphological, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txheeb xyuas nrog lub tswv yim ntawm "tus kab mob". Cov tom kawg suav nrog tag nrho cov khoom siv roj ntsha uas ua rau cov taxon no, thiab tsis yog cov qauv tsim xwb.
qauv ntawm virion
Tus kab mob no muaj cov nucleic acid (RNA lossis DNA) ncig los ntawm txheej txheej protein (capsid) uas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiabmuab kev sib cuam tshuam nrog tus tswv cell. Qee cov virions muaj lub plhaub ntxiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm bilipid membrane pierced los ntawm spikes ntawm tus kab mob proteins tawm. Cov qauv no yog los ntawm cellular keeb kwm thiab hu ua supercapsid. Viral particle qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 20 txog 200 nm.
Cov protein subunits ntawm lub hnab ntawv virion tuaj yeem muab tais rau hauv ntau yam kev teeb tsa, raws li qhov kev faib tawm morphological ntawm cov kab mob tsim. Raws li hom kev tsim lub koom haum, virions yog qhov txawv:
- nrog helical symmetry - cov chav tsev protein tau teem rau hauv ib lub kauv, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas yog ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv nucleic acid;
- nrog cubic symmetry - equilateral triangles (capsomeres) tsim los ntawm cov protein molecules tsim ntau hom polyhedra (tetrahedra, octahedrons, icosahedrons, thiab lwm yam);
- nrog binary (mixed) symmetry - ua ke ntawm ob hom kev koom tes hauv ib qho kab mob sib kis (ib txwm rau bacteriophages);
- sib xyaw ua ke, npog nrog supercapsid.
Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hnab ntawv, qee qhov virions muaj cov enzymes tsim nyog rau kev sau cov khoom siv caj ces.
Cov qauv spatial, cov protein muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab hom nucleic acid ntawm virion yog lub ntsiab taxonomic nta ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob lom. Cov txheej txheem ntxiv yog cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm ntawm lub neej thiab tus tswv tsev spectrum.
Cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm cov kab mob
Tsis zoo li cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm lwm yam kab mob, virions ntawm cov kab mob tsuas muaj ib hom nucleic acid: DNA lossis RNA. Cov molecules no tuaj yeem ua voj voog lossis tawm, tawg lossis tag nrho, nrog kaw (tag nrho lossis ib nrab) lossis dawb xaus, muaj ob txoj hlua thiab ib qho. Xws li ntau lub koom haum ntawm nucleic acids yog tus yam ntxwv nkaus xwb rau cov kab mob.
Tus kab mob genome kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm. Yog li, virion RNA tuaj yeem ua tau zoo, uas yog, nws tuaj yeem raug txhais hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes nrog kev tsim cov kab mob sib kis, thiab tsis zoo, tsis muaj cov haujlwm ua qauv (qhov no, kev txhais lus yog ua ntej los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm RNA zoo los ntawm ib qho enzyme. uas yog ib feem ntawm tus kab mob - transcriptase).
Nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov yam ntxwv no, virions tau muab faib ua 6 hom RNA:
- ib leeg-txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb zoo;
- ib leeg-txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb;
- ib leeg strand fragmented negative;
- ob-strand fragmented negative;
- ib leeg strand ob leeg zoo;
- ib leeg-stranded ncig defect.
Nyob hauv DNA genome, "+" thiab "-" chains yog txawv thiab cov nram qab no hom molecular lub koom haum yog txawv:
- ib nrab ib leeg-stranded ncig;
- superspiral kaw nplhaib;
- ib leeg strand linear;
- linear duplex;
- linear duplex nrog covalently crosslinked xaus;
- ib leeg tso tseglinear;
Ntawm txhua hom genomes, pab pawg sib txawv, txhua tus uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qee yam txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov kab mob sib kis.
Kev sib sau ntawm virion hauv lub party cell
Kev tsim cov kab mob kis tau ua los ntawm cov enzymes thiab biosynthesis mechanisms ntawm cov kab mob, uas tus kab mob ua haujlwm rau nws tus kheej. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog ob peb kauj ruam.
Ua ntej, virion cov khoom siv caj ces nkag mus rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv cov kab mob yooj yim, cov plhaub protein tseem nyob sab nraud, thaum nyob hauv cov kab mob nyuaj nws nkag mus rau hauv vim yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov supercapsid nrog cov plasma membrane (receptor endocytosis). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, lub capsid pom nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm yog rhuav tshem los ntawm kev ua ntawm lytic enzymes ntawm phagosome.
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm nucleic acid, 2 cov txheej txheem txuas mus rau qhov sib npaug: genome replication (tsim ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm DNA lossis RNA genetic molecules) thiab kev txhais lus ntawm virion proteins hauv ribosomal apparatus ntawm tus tswv cell.
Synthesized protein thiab noob caj noob ces ua ke rau hauv ib tug nucleocapsid - ib tug tag nrho-fledged virion ntawm cov kab mob yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev, kev sib sau ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm cov khoom tawm ntawm lub xovtooj, thaum lub sijhawm capsid tau ntim los ntawm cov plasma membrane uas muaj cov receptor proteins ua ntej ua rau nws.
Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Tsim Khoom "Virion"
Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam "Virion" yog qhov chaw tshuaj loj tshaj plaws rau kev tsim thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.tshuaj nqi Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1906, nws tau tsim los ua Tomsk Bacteriological lub koom haum hu ua tom qab Ivan thiab Zinaida Churin, thiab nyob rau hauv 1953 nws tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab Serums. Nyob rau hauv 1988, lub koom haum tau renamed lub scientific thiab zus tau tej cov koom haum (NPO) "Virion", uas tom qab ntawd los ua ib ceg ntawm lub Moscow Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO "Microgen".
Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab suav nrog kev tsim thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, probiotics, tshuaj psychotropic thiab ntau yam tshuaj rau kev kuaj mob. Lub tuam txhab nyob ntawm Tomsk, Ivanovsky txoj kev 8.
Tam sim no, Virion ntau lawm complex yog ib lub tuam txhab paub zoo nrog lub hauv paus tsim khoom siv high-tech thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tshaj lij ntawm 600 tus neeg.
