Loanwords hauv Lavxias: cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv thiab piv txwv

Cov txheej txheem:

Loanwords hauv Lavxias: cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv thiab piv txwv
Loanwords hauv Lavxias: cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv thiab piv txwv
Anonim

Lo lus qiv nrog rau cov neeg Lavxias ua ib txheej ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Tsis muaj cov lus qiv, txhua yam lus tuag, vim hais tias cov lus txawv teb chaws pab nws tsim thiab nthuav dav nws nrog cov tswv yim tshiab. Cov lus dab tsi yog hu ua cov lus qiv hauv Lavxias? Tshawb nrhiav hauv kab lus no!

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg sib txawv
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg sib txawv

Russian lo lus pawg

Txhua yam lus nquag thiab nquag ntawm cov lus Lavxias suav nrog ob pawg loj lexical: haiv neeg Lavxias thiab cov lus qiv. Koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib lawv txhua tus kom nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo.

Cov lus hauv tebchaws Lavxias ntawm Lavxias

Lavxias teb sab kev zoo nkauj
Lavxias teb sab kev zoo nkauj

Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm txheej lexical ntawm peb cov lus, uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus uas nyob ib puag ncig cov neeg Lavxias txij li hnub cov lus tau tsim. Nov yog cov lus qub uas qhia txog cov lus qub qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus Lavxias.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov lus Lavxias teb sab tuaj yeem yogsuav nrog cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, piv txwv li: lub lauj kaub, samovar, qhov cub, lub tsev teb, thiab lwm yam.

Tom qab ntawd twb muaj cov ntawm lawv uas hais txog lub ntiaj teb tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, piv txwv li: hma, hma, qaib, birch, roob tshauv, tsob ntoo Christmas.

Txog theem tom ntej ntawm kev paub cov lus Lavxias ib txwm muaj xws li cov lus uas feem ntau siv los hu rau hom kev sib txheeb, piv txwv li: tus tub, tus ntxhais, txiv, tub xeeb ntxwv.

Qhov tseem ceeb! Lexical units xws li "mama" thiab "dad" tsis yog piv txwv ntawm kev qiv nyiaj hauv Lavxias. Cov no yog cov lus uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm ib hom lus proto-lus. Yog li ntawd, lawv zoo sib xws hauv suab thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Piv txwv li, Lus Askiv. Niam - "maser", Fabkis la mere - "tus kav nroog".

Ntxiv rau, cov lus hauv tebchaws Lavxias suav nrog cov huab cua, piv txwv li: daus, dew, zaj sawv, nag, nrog rau lwm cov lus uas nquag siv ntsig txog ntau yam ntawm kev hais lus, xws li cunning, hluas, phooj ywg, kwv tij., pom, hnov , thiab lwm yam.

Raws li qhov kev kwv yees zaum kawg ntawm philologists, txheej ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus yog hais txog ob txhiab lo lus. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm peb cov lus, nws lub siab.

Loanwords hauv Lavxias niaj hnub

Qiv Dictionaries
Qiv Dictionaries

Cov lus txawv teb chaws ua rau muaj feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus lexical units. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qiv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab - nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob nkag mus rau cov lus txawv teb chaws.

Txhua lub teb chaws tsis nyob ib leeg los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. Cov neeg sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, thiab feem ntau cov lus tuaj rau hauv peb cov lus thaum tus thawj Lavxias teb sab sib npaugtsis tau, tab sis cov khoom twb muaj lawm. Nws yog coj los ntawm cov teb chaws nyob deb los yog tsim los ntawm cov pej xeem txawv teb chaws.

Yog li ntawd, ntau lo lus qiv hauv Lavxias qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tshiab hauv qab no:

  • Cov lus qhia (carburetor, capacitor, lub cev muaj zog, tsheb npav, thiab lwm yam).
  • Cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb thiab kho mob thiab cov ntsiab lus (kev kho mob, epidermis, lub tswv yim, algebra, philology, thiab lwm yam).
  • Kev txhais cov kis las (kev ntaus pob, ntaus pob, ntaus pob tesniv, thiab lwm yam).

Qee yam piv txwv ntawm cov lus qiv hauv Lavxias muaj nyob nrog cov neeg Lavxias thiab yog cov lus sib piv.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug tshiab lexical chav tsev uas los ntawm lwm yam lus yuav ntxiv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab yuav siv raws li muab ib tug tshwj xeeb semantic connotation.

Piv txwv li, "epidermis" thiab "skin". Kozha yog ib hom lus Lavxias teb sab rau sab saum toj npog ntawm tib neeg lub cev, thiab "epidermis" yog Latin lub npe rau txheej saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm tib neeg daim tawv nqaij. Peb cov lus feem ntau yog siv los ua ib lo lus hauv cov lus sib tham, thiab cov qiv nyiaj yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb lossis hauv kev kho mob, hais txog qhov no yog lo lus.

Russian chav
Russian chav

Tseem muaj cov xwm txheej rov qab, thaum lo lus tawm los ntawm hom lus txawv teb chaws hloov pauv cov neeg Lavxias. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog khub "chav - chav".

Yav dhau los hauv cov zos, ib chav cua sov cais tau hu ua chav tsev sab saud, vim muaj lub qhov cub thiab nws "crucible", uas yog, cua sov uas ua kom sov tag nrho chav. Nrog rau qhov tuaj txog ntawm lwm tushom cua sov thiab tshem tawm cov qhov cub hauv lub neej txhua hnub, nws yog "chav" uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm cov lus Polish uas tau los ua nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev siv.

Qhia qiv nyiaj

Ib daim ntawv qhia txog cov lus qiv hauv Lavxias suav nrog lub sijhawm lossis theem ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Peb cov lus tau dhau los ntawm tsib qhov "influxes" ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws:

  1. Proto-Slavonic thiab qub Lavxias teb sab.
  2. Kev lees txais ntawm Orthodoxy.
  3. Medieval (nrog kev lig kev cai uas txuas ntxiv mus txog niaj hnub no).
  4. Kev kav Peter kuv tus Great.
  5. XX - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI.

Txhua yam yog tsim nyog los ze dua.

Proto-Slavonic thiab qub Lavxias teb sab

Lub sijhawm qiv nyiaj ntxov
Lub sijhawm qiv nyiaj ntxov

Cov lus qiv dab tsi tshwm sim hauv Lavxias hauv lub sijhawm ntawd?

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no:

  • Iranisms (tus tswv, tsev pheeb suab, ax, zaub mov).
  • Celticisms (dough, qhev, plab, qhov).
  • Germanisms (muas, muag, tsiaj txhu, huab tais, tub rog, armor).
  • Gothic qiv cov lus (ua noj, kho, paj).
  • Latinisms (da dej, zaub qhwv, thaj chaw).

Tag nrho cov lus txawv teb chaws no tau dhau los ua neeg Lavxias teb sab uas tsuas yog cov lus Askiv thiaj li paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov tseeb.

Tom qab ntawd, cov Slavs pib ua lag luam nrog cov teb chaws B altic, tsiv mus rau Eastern Europe, thiab yog li ntawd cov lexical units xws li ladle, zos, tar, roj, thiab lwm yam tuaj rau hauv cov lus.

Tam sim no, Scandinavian cov lus txawv teb chaws nkag mus rau hauv nws, cov npe nrov tshaj plaws yog cov npe npe, piv txwv li: Gleb,Olga, Igor, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev nuv ntses hiav txwv, xws li herring, thauj tog rau nkoj, shark, thiab lwm yam.

Kev lees txais ntawm Orthodoxy

Kev pabcuam Orthodox
Kev pabcuam Orthodox

Tom qab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Orthodoxy thiab kev cai raus dej hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 988, lub xeev Byzantine tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev nkag mus rau cov lus txawv teb chaws rau hauv peb cov lus. Yog li ntawd, ntau Greekisms thiab Latinisms uas tshwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, txij li thaum Greek thiab Latin yog cov lus ntawm cov ntseeg phau ntawv.

Piv txwv ntawm cov lus qiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws:

  • Cov lus ntawm pawg ntseeg lub neej: icon, lampada, nyiaj hli, monastery, klobuk, thiab lwm yam.
  • Npe tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag: twm, beetroot.
  • Npe: Eugene, Andrey, Alexander.
  • Lub tsev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom: phau ntawv, teeb, kav.

Medieval theem

kev lag luam medieval
kev lag luam medieval

Lub sijhawm no, Turkisms tau nquag qhia ua lus Lavxias, vim tias lub zog ntawm Golden Horde thiab tag nrho Tatar-Mongol quab yuam cuam tshuam. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog Ottoman Empire thiab Poland. Nws yog thaum tsov rog, nrog rau kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, uas muaj ntau lo lus ntawm Turkic keeb kwm nkag mus rau hauv peb hom lus.

Piv txwv:

  • Golden Horde coj los rau hauv peb cov lus xws li: Cossack, tus neeg zov, khau, pos huab, badger, tsev loj cuj, nyiaj, thiab lwm yam.
  • Lub Tebchaws Ottoman tau txhawb cov lus Lavxias nrog cov lus nruas, noodles, hauv siab, roj, ammonia, cam khwb cia hlau.

Tom qab ntawd, cov Turkisms tshwm sim xws li: rooj zaum, fawn, jasmine,halva, karapuz thiab pistachio.

Hauv lus Lavxias thiab niaj hnub no, cov lus qiv tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis pom, xws li, piv txwv li, kev sib txuas tau ntxiv: yog, liam, yog li, - cuam tshuam rau polonism.

Polonisms feem ntau yog siv hauv phau ntawv cov lus, uas yog kev cai dab qhuas, lossis hauv cov ntaub ntawv lag luam.

Cov no suav nrog cov lus xws li: kos npe, yeem, phaj, seev cev, lub raj mis, yam, yeeb ncuab, thiab lwm yam.

Muaj pes tsawg lo lus qiv hauv Lavxias tuaj rau peb los ntawm lub xeev Polish? Raws li philologists, me ntsis tshaj ib txhiab.

Kev kav ntawm Peter lub Great

Peter thawj
Peter thawj

Thaum lub sijhawm kav lub ntiaj teb no nto moo tsar, ntau lo lus sib txawv nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus, vim Peter kuv yog ib tug huab tais enlightened heev thiab tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj plaws European powers.

Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov lus tseem hais txog kev caij nkoj hiav txwv, vim tias nws yog tus tsar uas thawj zaug tsim lub nkoj muaj zog rau Russia. Li no qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau tus Dutch nautical lus: ballast, harbor, drift, sailor, tus tauj ncov loj, chij, rudder, tackle, stern.

Tam sim no, lwm yam lus txawv teb chaws tuaj: xauj, ua, salvo, taws, tub rog, chaw nres nkoj, pier, schooner, chaw ua haujlwm, kev txiav txim siab, teeb meem.

Ntxiv rau ntau lo lus Dutch, Gallicisms (qiv los ntawm Fabkis) kuj tshwm sim:

  • npe khoom noj: marmalade, chocolate, broth, vinaigrette.
  • khoom tsev: stained iav qhov rais, wardrobe.
  • Clothes: tsho, khau, jabot.
  • lus kos duab: tus thawj coj,actor, ballet.
  • Tub rog lub ntsiab: battalion, squadron, flotilla.
  • nom tswv terminology: department, bourgeois, txee.

Tib lub sijhawm cov lus los ntawm lus Mev thiab Italian, xws li guitar, aria, pasta, tenor, rumba, samba, txiaj, npib.

XX-XXI caug xyoo

Thawj lub computer
Thawj lub computer

Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev qiv nyiaj loj tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm 20th - 21st centuries. Kev tsim kho kev lag luam zoo thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog Askiv tau ua rau qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm cov qiv nyiaj yog Anglicisms. Rau feem ntau, qiv cov lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm lub sij hawm yog lexical units muaj feem xyuam rau cov discoveries ntawm lub xyoo pua no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, ua tsaug rau lub advent ntawm lub computer technology, cov neeg kawm txog cov lus Slovak xws li lub tshuab luam ntawv, scanner, ntaub ntawv, floppy disk, computer.

Yuav ua li cas paub ib lo lus txawv teb chaws?

Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qiv. Nov yog qhov feem ntau:

  • Grezisms: kev sib txuas ntawm "ps, ks", pib "f, e", nrog rau cov hauv paus tshwj xeeb, ntawm Greek keeb kwm. Piv txwv li: nws pib, aero, filo, phalo, grapho, thermo, thiab lwm yam - psychology, philology, phonetics, graphics, thermodynamics, cua qhov, telegraph, biology, autobiography.
  • Latinisms: thawj tsab ntawv "c, e", qhov xaus "peb" lossis "lub siab", nrog rau cov npe nrov npe suav, ex, ultra, hyper, thiab lwm yam - centrifuge, hluav taws xob, lub zog, colloquium, omnibus, counterplay, ultrasonic, hypertrophied, txawv tshaj plaw, thiab lwm yam.
  • Germanisms: kev sib txuas ntawm "pcs, xt, ft", nrog rau cov lus nrog ntau ntxivconsonants tom qab ib leeg - accordion, attraction, leitmotif, guardhouse, nplua, sprats, fir, thiab lwm yam.
  • Gallicisms: kev sib txuas ntawm "vu, kyu, nu, fyu, wa", nrog rau cov yam ntxwv xaus "er, ans, twb, yazh". Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm indeclinable lus xaus nyob rau hauv o, e kuj tuaj rau peb los ntawm Fabkis. Piv txwv li: lub tsho tiv no, chimpanzee, tsho tiv no, puree, nuance, fuselage, daim ntaub thaiv, muab, tus thawj coj, editor, hluas nraug, thiab lwm yam.
  • Anglicisms: classic xaus "ing, txiv neej", nrog rau kev sib txuas "j, tch" - leasing, sportsman, businessman, pitch, image.
  • Turkisms: lub consonance ntawm zoo tib yam vowels, hu ua nyob rau hauv philology synharmonism, piv txwv li, ataman, emerald, turmeric.

Muaj pes tsawg lo lus qiv hauv Lavxias? Nws tsis tuaj yeem xam qhov no, txij li peb cov lus yog mobile heev, thiab Russia yog ib lub zog muaj ntau haiv neeg! Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov neeg uas xav paub txog keeb kwm ntawm ib lo lus tshwj xeeb, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau xa mus rau cov ntawv txhais lus ntawm Shansky, Fasmer lossis Cherny.

Pom zoo: