Ib yam khoom uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab tiag tiag thiab tsis tu ncua ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm tib neeg yog Mannerheim txoj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Txoj kab tiv thaiv Finnish nyob ntawm Karelian Isthmus. Nws yog tag nrho ntawm cov bunkers tawg thiab littered nrog plhaub cov cim, kab ntawm cov pob zeb gouges, khawb trenches thiab anti-tank ditches - tag nrho cov uas tau khaws cia zoo txawm tias muaj ntau tshaj 70 xyoo dhau los.
Ua tsov rog
Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm USSR thiab Finland yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub nroog Leningrad, vim nws nyob ze ntawm ciam teb Finnish. Nyob rau ua ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Finland tau npaj los muab nws thaj chaw ua lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rau ntau tus yeeb ncuab ntawm Soviet Union, thiab feem ntau yog rau Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees.
Qhov tseeb yog tias xyoo 1931 Leningrad tau pauv mus rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog ntawm kev tseem ceeb, thiabib feem ntawm cov cheeb tsam subordinate rau Lensovet tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ciam teb nrog Finland. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet tau pib sib tham nrog lub teb chaws no, muab nws hloov pauv thaj av. Cov Soviets muab ob npaug ntau thaj chaw raws li lawv xav tau rov qab los. Qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv kev cog lus yog qhov taw qhia nrog kev thov ntawm USSR los tso nws cov tub rog hauv paus rau Finnish av. Tab sis ob tog tsis pom zoo, uas coj mus rau qhov pib ntawm Soviet-Finnish, los yog lub caij ntuj no ua tsov ua rog. Yog tsis muaj nws, Leningrad yuav raug ntes los ntawm Hitler cov tub rog thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj hauv ob peb hnub xwb.
Backstory
Lub tswvyim ntawm "Mannerheim Line" yog hais txog tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev tiv thaiv keeb kwm uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog Soviet-Finnish. Nws kav txij lub Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 1939 txog Lub Peb Hlis 13, 1940.
Thaum Finland tau txais kev ywj pheej, nws tam sim ntawd pib xav txog kev ntxiv dag zog rau nws ciam teb, thiab twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1918, kev tsim kho ntawm barbed hlau laj kab pib nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej Mannerheim lub grandiose tub rog ntaub thaiv npog. Txoj kab kawg tau pom zoo nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab thawj lub npe hu ua "Enkel Line" hauv kev hwm ntawm Major General O. L. Enkel, uas yog tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm, uas yog tus saib xyuas kev tsim kho. Tus tsim lub fortifications yog Fab Kis tus tub ceev xwm J. J. Grosse-Caussi, xa mus rau Finland los pab txhawb cov ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws no. Tab sis, ua raws li cov kev cai uas twb tau tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov complexesCov qauv kev tiv thaiv feem ntau muaj npe tom qab "tus thawj coj loj", piv txwv li, Stalin Line lossis Maginot. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab, cov teeb meem no tau hloov npe thiab muab npe tom qab Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Koom pheej ntawm Finland, Carl Gustav Mannerheim, tus qub tub ceev xwm hauv tub rog Lavxias.
Daim thaiv npog ntawm Finland
Txoj kab Mannerheim yog txoj kab tiv thaiv 135 km ntev, uas hla tag nrho Karelian Isthmus - los ntawm Gulf of Finland mus rau Lake Ladoga. Los ntawm sab hnub poob, kev tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus tau dhau los ntawm ib feem ntawm tiaj tus, thiab ib nrab los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes, npog cov kab ntawm ntau cov swamps thiab cov pas dej me me. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, txoj kab cia siab rau Vuoksa dej system, uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog ib qho teeb meem loj. Yog li, nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm 1920 txog 1924, Finns tau tsim ntau tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab puas cov tub rog mus sij hawm ntev.
Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1927, nws tau pom tseeb tias Enkel cov kev thaiv kev lag luam tau qis dua rau Soviet tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab riam phom zoo, yog li lawv cov kev tsim kho tau raug ncua ib ntus. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv mus sij hawm ntev tau rov pib dua. Ob peb tau tsim, tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua muaj zog thiab nyuaj dua.
Nyob rau thaum ntxov 1930s, Mannerheim tau raug tsa los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm National Defense Council. Txoj kab tau tsim los ntawm nws cov thawj coj.
Cov qauv tiv thaiv - pillboxes
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawsCov kev tiv thaiv nodes tau txais kev pabcuam raws li cov hlua khi, uas muaj ntau lub pob zeb pob zeb (cov ntsiab lus tua mus ntev), nrog rau cov bunkers (cov ntsiab lus ntoo-thiab-lub ntiaj teb tua), tshuab-phom zes, dugouts thiab phom trenches. Cov ntsiab lus muaj zog tau muab tso rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm txoj kab kev tiv thaiv, thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv qee zaum mus txog 6-8 km.
Raws li koj paub, kev tsim tub rog siv sijhawm ntau dua ib xyoos, yog li, raws li lub sijhawm tsim kho, cov bunkers tau muab faib ua ob tiam. Thawj suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tua hluav taws ua rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1920 txog 1937, thiab thib ob - 1938-39. Pillboxes teej tug mus rau thawj tiam yog me me fortifications tsim rau nruab xwb 1-2 tshuab phom. Lawv tsis muaj chaw txaus thiab tsis muaj chaw nyob rau cov tub rog. Lub thickness ntawm cov pob zeb thiab cov qab nthab tsis pub tshaj 2 m. Tom qab ntawd, feem ntau ntawm lawv tau kho dua tshiab.
Tus hu ua millionaires yog nyob rau tiam thib ob, txij li lawv cov nqi rau cov neeg Finnish yog 1 lab Finnish txhua. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Mannerheim Kab muaj 7 lub zog tua hluav taws. Ntau lab-muaj zog pillboxes yog cov niaj hnub niaj hnub siv zog ua vaj tse nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nruab nrog 4-6 embrasures, ntawm 1-2 yog phom. Lub Sj-4 "Poppius" thiab Sj-5 "Millionaire" bunkers tau suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws.
Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus mus rau lub sijhawm ntev tau ua tib zoo camouflaged nrog pob zeb thiab daus, yog li nws nyuaj heev los kuaj xyuas lawv, thiab nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg.
Flood zones
Tsuasib tug xov tooj ntawm lub sij hawm ntev thiab teb fortifications tau muab thiab ob peb cheeb tsam ntawm dag dag. Qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd ntawm kev ua phem tau tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev ua tiav tag nrho, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, ob peb lub pas dej tau tsim. Lawv tau ua los ntawm ntoo thiab lub ntiaj teb ntawm Tyuppelyanjoki (tam sim no Aleksandrovka) thiab Rokkalanjoki (tam sim no Gorokhovka). Ib lub pas dej ua ke sawv ntawm tus dej Peronjoki (Perovka River), nrog rau lub pas dej me me ntawm Mayajoki thiab lub pas dej ntawm Saiyanjoki (tam sim no tus dej Volchya).
Anti-tank barriers
Vim tias muaj lub tank txaus hauv kev pabcuam nrog USSR, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm yuav ua li cas nrog lawv. Cov hlau thaiv yav dhau los tau teeb tsa ntawm Karelian Isthmus tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau cov tsheb armored, yog li nws tau txiav txim siab txiav gouges tawm ntawm granite thiab khawb av tiv thaiv kwj deg 1 m tob thiab 2.5 m dav. Thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, pob zeb ploys ua pov thawj tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Lawv tau tsiv los yog raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm cov phom loj. Tom qab rov ua dua, cov granite raug rhuav tshem, ua rau muaj qhov dav dav.
Tom qab cov gouges, Finnish sappers tau teeb tsa ntau dua 10 kab ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv lub tank mines, teem rau hauv tus qauv checkerboard.
cua daj cua dub
Kev tsov rog lub caij ntuj no feem ntau muab faib ua ob theem. Thawj zaug tau pib txij lub Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 1939 txog rau Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1940. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Mannerheim Line tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab ntshav siab rau cov tub rog liab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Ib qho kev thaiv muaj zog tau dhau los ua, txawm tias tag nrho nwsshortcomings, yuav luag insurmountable obstacle rau cov tub rog Soviet. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov kev tawm tsam hnyav ntawm Finnish cov tub rog, qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws plaub caug-degree Frosts tau dhau los ua qhov teeb meem loj, uas, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm feem ntau tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev ua tsis tiav ntawm Soviet camp.
Lub Ob Hlis 11, theem thib ob ntawm kev sib tw ua tub rog caij ntuj no pib - kev tawm tsam dav dav ntawm cov tub rog Liab. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau raug rub mus rau Karelian Isthmus. Tau ob peb hnub muaj kev npaj phom loj, cov plhaub tau los nag los ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Finns, uas tau tawm tsam nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Mannerheim. Txoj kab thiab tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig tau hnyav heev. Cov nkoj ntawm B altic Fleet thiab cov tub rog tsim tshiab Ladoga tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau hauv av units ntawm North-Western Front.
Txhob Cia Siab
Kev tawm tsam ntawm thawj kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv tau siv sijhawm peb hnub, thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 17, cov tub rog ntawm 7th Army thaum kawg tau hla nws, thiab Finns raug yuam kom tawm ntawm lawv thawj kab thiab tsiv mus rau qhov thib ob, thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 21-28 lawv poob nws. Txoj kev tawg ntawm Mannerheim Kab yog coj los ntawm Marshal SK Timoshenko, uas, ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm I. V. Stalin, coj North-Western Front. Tam sim no cov tub rog 7 thiab 13th, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj ntawm B altic Fleet, tau pib ua kev sib tw sib koom ua ke hauv cov sawb los ntawm Vyborg Bay mus rau Lake Vuoksa. Pom qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, cov tub rog Finnish tau tawm ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm.
Vim li ntawd, qhov kev sib tw thib ob ntawm Mannerheim Kab xaus nrog qhov tseeb tias, txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Finns, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 13, Tub Rog Liab tau nkag mus. Vyborg. Yog li xaus kev tsov rog Soviet-Finnish.
Results of the war
Raws li lub caij ntuj no ua tsov ua rog, USSR ua tiav txhua yam nws xav tau: lub teb chaws tau txais tag nrho cov dej ntawm Lake Ladoga, thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm Finnish thaj chaw ntawm 40 txhiab square meters mus rau nws. km.
Tam sim no muaj coob tus nug cov lus nug: puas yog kev tsov rog no tsim nyog? Yog tias tsis yog rau kev yeej hauv Finnish phiaj los nqis tes, Leningrad tuaj yeem dhau los ua thawj zaug hauv cov npe ntawm cov nroog raug kev tawm tsam ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Ncig saib kev sib ntaus sib tua
Hnub no, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev tau raug rhuav tshem, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, kev mus ncig ua si mus rau qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog Lub Caij Ntuj Sov tseem muaj, thiab kev txaus siab rau lawv tsis ploj mus. Cov chaw ruaj khov uas tseem muaj sia nyob tseem muaj keeb kwm zoo heev - ob qho tib si ua tub rog engineering cov qauv thiab ua qhov chaw rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tsov rog ib nrab tsis nco qab no.
Muaj cov chaw keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai uas tsim cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb rau kev ua raws li cov chaw uas Mannerheim Line hla. Kev ncig xyuas feem ntau suav nrog zaj dab neeg txog cov theem ntawm nws txoj kev tsim kho, nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Yuav kom hnov thiab hnov lub neej ntawm Finnish thiab Soviet pab tub rog tsawg kawg yog me ntsis, noj su ua ke rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem thaij duab tawm tsam cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov qauv loj heev nrog cov khoom siv, saib thiab tuav cov qauv riam phom hauv koj txhais tes.
Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog muaj ntau qhov chaw dawb paug, zais cov xwm txheej thiab qhov tseeb. Tsis yogyog ib qho kev zam thiab kev ua tsov rog ntawm Soviet Union nrog Finland hauv 1939-40. Nws nteg ib qho kev sim hnyav rau ntawm lub xub pwg nyom ntawm ob sab. Tsuas yog 105 hnub ntawm kev ua phem, kwv yees li 150,000 tus neeg raug tua thiab kwv yees li 20,000 tau ploj mus. Nov yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tsis nco qab ib nrab no thiab, raws li qee tus kws sau keeb kwm, kev ua tsov rog "tsis tsim nyog". Raws li ib tug monument rau cov tub rog poob, Mannerheim Kab, txawv txawv nyob rau hauv nws scale, tseem nyob rau hauv lub battlefields. Cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab pob zeb ntawm qhov ntxa loj tseem ceeb rau peb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub rog Soviet thiab Finnish.
