Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Kazakhs yog qhov txaus siab rau ntau tus neeg keeb kwm thiab cov kws tshawb fawb. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov neeg Turkic, uas niaj hnub no yog cov pej xeem tseem ceeb ntawm Kazakhstan. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus Kazakhs nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan thiab Russia nyob ze Kazakhstan. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau Kazakhs hauv Orenburg, Omsk, Samara, Astrakhan cheeb tsam, Altai Territory. Cov neeg Kazakh thaum kawg tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th.
Keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg
Hais txog keeb kwm ntawm Kazakhs, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau xav tias yog tib neeg lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv XIII-XV centuries, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Golden Horde uas kav lub sij hawm ntawd.
Yog tias peb tham txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub no, yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias nws tau nyob los ntawm ntau pawg neeg,ntau yam uas tau tso lub cim rau niaj hnub Kazakhs.
Yog li no, kev lag luam kev lag luam kev lag luam tau tsim nyob rau sab qaum teb. Cov ntawv sau uas tau nqis los rau peb hais tias cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub no tau tawm tsam nrog cov Persians. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua ob BC, pawg neeg koom siab pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Me ntsis tom qab ntawd, lub xeev Kangyu tau tsim.
Thaum thawj ib puas xyoo BC, ib pawg neeg ntawm Huns tau nyob hauv cov chaw no, hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej hauv Central Asia. Nws yog thaum ntawd tus thawj nom tswv teb chaws Ottoman tau tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ntawm Asia. Nyob rau hauv 51 BC, lub teb chaws Ottoman sib cais. Ib nrab ntawm nws lees paub lub hwj chim ntawm Suav, thiab ib nrab tau raug xa mus rau Central Asia.
paub zoo dua hauv keeb kwm European raws li Huns, lawv mus txog phab ntsa ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws.
Medieval history
Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, qhov chaw ntawm Huns tau nyob los ntawm Turks. Qhov no yog ib pawg neeg uas tawm ntawm Eurasian steppes. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, lawv tsim ib lub xeev loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej thaum ub. Hauv Asia, nws npog thaj chaw ntawm Hiav Txwv Daj mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub.
Cov Turks tau nqis los ntawm Huns, thaum lawv suav tias yog los ntawm Altai. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Kazakhs los ntawm Turks niaj hnub no yog xyaum tsis muaj kev sib cav los ntawm leej twg. Cov Turks niaj hnub ua tsov rog nrog Suav, thiab kev nthuav dav Arab ntawm Central Asia kuj pib thaum lub sijhawm no. Islam tab tom nthuav tawm ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg nyob tsis muaj zog.
Muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm Turks. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm TurkicKev sau ntawv Arabic los, daim ntawv qhia hnub Islamic yog siv, thiab cov hnub so Muslim tshwm hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Khanate
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Kazakhs tuaj yeem tham tom qab qhov kawg swb ntawm Golden Horde, uas tshwm sim hauv 1391. Lub Kazakh Khanate tau tsim los ntawm 1465. Cov pov thawj tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm Kazakhs yog cov ntaub ntawv sau, uas tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm ntau.
Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov pab pawg Turkic rau hauv ib lub tebchaws Kazakh tau pib. Khan Kasym yog thawj zaug sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv nws cov lus txib ntau pawg neeg steppe. Hauv qab nws, cov pejxeem nce mus txog ib lab tus tib neeg.
Nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, kev tsov rog internecine pib hauv Kazakh Khanate, uas tseem hu ua pej xeem. Tus yeej ntawm nws yog Haknazar Khan, uas kav ntau tshaj 40 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1580, Yesim Khan annexed Tashkent mus rau lub Kazakh Khanate, uas nws thiaj li los ua nws lub peev. Raws li tus kav no, txoj kev nom kev tswv tau hloov kho, txhua thaj av tau muab faib ua peb thaj chaw-kev lag luam, uas hu ua zhuzes.
Xyoo 1635, Dzungar Khanate (lub xeev Mongol tshiab) tau tsim, tom qab ntawd Kazakh-Dzungarian tsov rog pib, uas kav ntev li ib puas xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, cov pejxeem tuag, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, kwv yees li ib lab Kazakhs. Ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no raug yuam kom tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau thaj chaw uas nyob hauv Asia.
Tsuas yog tom qab yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua xyoo 1729, cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg kov yeejtab tom pib poob. Qhov teeb meem nyuaj hauv kev nom kev tswv txawv teb chaws yuam cov Kazakhs xa cov neeg sawv cev mus rau Russia rov qab rau xyoo 1726 kom thov kev tiv thaiv.
Kev vam meej no mus ncig ua si tsuas yog xaus rau xyoo 1731, thaum Lavxias Empress Anna Ioannovna kos npe rau tsab ntawv qhuas, lees txais Junior Zhuz ua neeg xam xaj Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, nws hloov tawm tias qhov kev xav ntawm feudal lords ntawm kev txais yuav ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem sib txawv, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm Kazakh cov txwj laus tau txais kev pom zoo rau kev coj ua ntawm kev nkag mus rau Younger Zhuz rau Russia.
Kazakhs hauv tebchaws Russia
Nrog Lavxias-Kazakh ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, fortifications pib tsim, uas yeej pib nthuav Russia mus rau Kazakhstan. Tsoom fwv tab tom siv ntau yam kev ntsuas txhawm rau hloov pauv cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Lavxias nyob hauv ciam teb, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov rau cov thawj coj hauv zos uas tsis xav ua raws.
Twb yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, 46 fortresses thiab yuav luag ib puas redoubts tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv 1847, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem txuas mus rau yuav luag tag nrho cov Kazakhs suav nrog hauv Senior Zhuz. Lub hwj chim ntawm khas nce nominal.
Tib lub sijhawm, yuav luag thoob plaws hauv Lavxias txoj cai hauv Kazakhstan, kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws tau tshwm sim tas li. Los ntawm 1916, tus naj npawb ntawm xws li kev tawm tsam thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb mus txog peb puas. Kazakh keeb kwmtib neeg txhua lub sijhawm tsis yooj yim, lub sijhawm no nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev xav tawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Kazakhs nyob rau hauv Soviet Union
Tom qab lub abdication ntawm Emperor Nicholas II los ntawm lub zwm txwv, kev nom kev tswv lub neej revived nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab nrauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. II All-Kazakh Congress tab tom sib sau ua ke, qhov chaw tsim kev ywj pheej thiab tsoomfwv uas txhawb nqa Mensheviks tau tshaj tawm. Xyoo 1920, txoj kev ywj pheej raug tshem tawm los ntawm Bolsheviks, uas tau los ua hwj chim, thiab nws cov thawj coj raug tua.
Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic tau tsim nrog Orenburg ua nws lub peev. Kazakh SSR pib muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1936.
Nyob rau hauv lub 20-30s ntawm ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis loj heev vim txoj cai ntawm kev pov tseg. Kwv yees li ob lab Kazakhs tuag, ntau pua txhiab tus neeg khiav mus rau Tuam Tshoj. Xyoo 1937, kev tsim txom tau pib, uas rhuav tshem tag nrho cov neeg txawj ntse.
Kwv yees li 450,000 Kazakhs koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm lawv tseem nyob hauv tshav rog.
keeb kwm niaj hnub
Los ntawm kab lus no koj yuav pom qhov twg Kazakhs tam sim no nyob. Cov ciam teb ntawm lawv lub xeev npog thaj chaw ntawm Urals, Lower Volga, Siberia, Tuam Tshoj thiab Hiav Txwv Caspian. Kazakhstan ciam teb rau Russia, Uzbekistan, Tuam Tshoj, Turkmenistan. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv, nws nyob qib 9 hauv ntiaj teb raws li thaj chaw, thiab ntawm CIS lub teb chaws nws yog thib ob rau Russia.
Tus qub thawj coj ntawm Kazakh SSR Nursultan Nazarbayev tau los ua thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan. Qhov no tshwm sim hauv 1991. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, cov koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Kazakhstan tau tshaj tawm.
Ntau xyoo dhau los, cuaj tsoomfwv tau hloov pauv hauv lub tebchaws, thaum Thawj Tswj Hwm Nazarbayev tseem yog tus saib xyuas lub xeev. Kazakhstan muaj loj reserves ntawm minerals, ntau cov ntxhia raw cov ntaub ntawv. Lub teb chaws nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub zog loj thiab muaj zog - Russia thiab Tuam Tshoj, yog li nws raug yuam kom ua raws li txoj cai txawv teb chaws uas muaj kev sib npaug thiab txhawb nqa.
Kev ntseeg hauv Kazakhstan
Yeej, kev ntseeg ntawm Kazakhs yog Islam. Feem ntau yog cov ntseeg ntawm Sunnis. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, muaj txog 100,000 tus neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv hauv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj 16 lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
Ntau tshaj 70% ntawm lawv yog Muslims, qhov thib ob nyiam kev ntseeg yog cov ntseeg (kwv yees 26%), nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw yog atheists (yuav luag 3%). Tsis tas li ntawm cov Kazakhs niaj hnub no muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab cov neeg Yudais, tsawg dua ib feem kaum ntawm ib feem pua.
Islam nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub no tau ntau pua xyoo, nce los ntawm cov cheeb tsam yav qab teb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm Soviet era, thaum txhua yam kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas raug tsim txom, lub koob meej ntawm Islam tuaj mus rau tsis muaj dab tsi. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no cov haiv neeg tsawg ntawm Kazakhs saib namaz thiab rituals.
Tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau Islam, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Islam yog khaws cia, qee qhov ncaj qha cuam tshuam cov kev cai Muslim. Tag nrho cov no rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum shamanism tau nthuav dav ntawm Kazakhs. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub no ib tug ntawmHnub so tseem ceeb yog Nauryz, uas yog pagan.
Tib lub sijhawm, kev ntseeg nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Kazakhs niaj hnub no. Raws li kev suav pej xeem zaum kawg, 97% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tau txheeb xyuas lawv tus kheej raws li kev ntseeg lossis lwm tus.
kab lis kev cai thiab txoj kev ua neej
Hnub no, kab lis kev cai thiab kev ua neej ntawm Kazakhs tab tom ntsib lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhawb siab lub tebchaws. Folk crafts, kev lis kev cai, rituals thiab lub teb chaws kev ua si yog nquag cog qoob loo, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tej hauj lwm tshwm nyob rau hauv lub Kazakh lus.
Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm lub teb chaws cuisine, uas yog dominated los ntawm nqaij tais. Nqaij nyuj, yaj, nqaij nees, thiab qee zaus cov nqaij ntxhuav yog siv. Piv txwv li, beshbarmak yog nrov heev. Qhov no yog boiled finely tws nqaij pab nrog boiled mov paj.
Ntxiv rau cov nqaij tais hauv lub tebchaws Kazakh cuisine, koumiss yuav tsum tau sau tseg - fermented mare's mis nyuj, ayran, katyk (qaub thiab lub cev qhuav dej ayran), ntau lwm yam khoom noj siv mis thiab dej haus.
Suab paj nruag nyob qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv Kazakh kab lis kev cai. Hauv particular, kui yog ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ntsuas sib txawv, cov ntawv sib xyaw. Feem ntau, cov khoom no tau ua rau ntawm dombra.
kev lig kev cai ntawm tib neeg
Kazakh kab lis kev cai thiab kev lis kev cai tam sim no tau rov ua dua tshiab, nyob rau theem xeev tau saib xyuas ntau yam rau keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Ntau yam kev lig kev cai muaj feem xyuam rau tsev neeg kev sib raug zoo.
Lawv ua raws li kev hwm rau cov txwj laus, lub koom haum ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. ATNyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, nws yog kev cai los ua lub rite ntawm kev txiav kev txiav. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum tus menyuam muaj 4 lossis 5 xyoos. Thaum pib, nws tau ua nyob rau hauv ib lub yurt, tab sis tam sim no ntau thiab ntau zaus lawv mus rau qhov chaw kho mob rau qhov no. Tom qab lawv teem caij so.
Raws li Kazakh kab lis kev cai thiab kev lis kev cai, cov ntxhais tau sib yuav thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13-14, thiab cov tub hluas ntawm 14-15. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab lis kev cai niaj hnub no, suav nrog Western kab lis kev cai, xws li kev sib yuav thaum ntxov tau nce zuj zus tuaj.
Kazakhs nto moo rau lawv txoj kev tos txais qhua. Tus qhua yeej ib txwm zoo siab tos txais, zaum hauv qhov chaw hwm thiab kho kom zoo tshaj plaws hauv tsev. Tam sim no lub koob tsheej tau hloov lawm, tab sis ntau Kazakhs tseem hwm cov kev cai qub ntawm kev tos txais qhua.
Nomads tau ntev muaj kev cai hu ua erulik. Raws li nws, cov laus-timers, raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm kev hwm, nco ntsoov caw cov neeg tuaj koom tshiab rau hnub so. Kev lig kev cai muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo, vim nws pab cov neeg tshiab hloov mus rau qhov chaw tsis paub.
Lub teb chaws cov khaub ncaws ntawm Kazakhs qhia txog lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm, kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam thiab kev nyab xeeb. Hauv nws cov khoom siv, cov tawv nqaij ntawm tsov thiab kulans feem ntau siv, nrog rau cov plaub ntawm muskrat, ermine, sable, ferret, raccoon, thiab marten. Plaub lub tsho tiv no tau sewn los ntawm cov tawv nqaij, lub npe nrov ntawm cov suab nrov.
Hauv kev tsim cov tsho tiv no, Cossacks kuj siv cov fluff ntawm herons, loons thiab swans. Cov tsho plaub lawv tus kheej tau npog nrog brocade los yog ntaub. Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom me me, satin plooj paj ntaub tau nrov.
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws costume ntawm Kazakhs yog lub tsho tshaj sab, uas lawv hu ua shapan. Nwshnav los ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej, ua los ntawm suede, woolen, silk thiab paj rwb fabrics.
Ntxim hlub headdress - skullcap. Qhov no yog lub caij ntuj sov lub kaus mom ua los ntawm brocade, velvet lossis lace. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws tau sheathed raws ntug nrog otter, beaver, squirrel fur, feem ntau decorated nrog kub los yog nyiaj braid.
Ib qho ntawm Kazakh hnub so tseem ceeb - Nauryz. Nws lub hauv paus pib rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej nyeem ntawv, nws kuj tau sau tseg los ntawm Zoroastrians. Niaj hnub no nws coincides nrog lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav equinox. Rau cov Kazakhs, nws yog txuam nrog kev kov yeej ntawm kev hlub, fertility, renewal lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws yog kev cai los muab tsev nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau lub hnub so, cog paj thiab ntoo.
Kazakhs lawv tus kheej ib txwm hnav khaub ncaws ua kev lom zem, mus xyuas ib leeg thiab sib pauv kev zoo siab, ua kev zoo siab nrog kev ua si lom zem, kev sib tw nees. Lub ritual tais ntawm no hnub caiv yog nauryz-kozhe, uas yuav tsum tau muaj xws li xya cov khoom xyaw. Cov no yog nqaij, dej, rog, ntsev, cereals, hmoov thiab mis nyuj. Nws tau suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm kev txawj ntse, hmoov zoo thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Nov yog hnub so Kazakh nyiam los ntawm ntau tus, uas tau ua kev zoo siab hnub no hauv cov tebchaws uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no mus.
Ntuj sawv cev ntawm cov neeg
Ntawm Kazakhs hauv tebchaws Russia tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev qhuas lawv cov neeg thiab kev vam meej ntawm lub xeev Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws yog Major General Zhangir-Kerei Khan. Nws yog ib tug thawj coj uas muaj lub siab xav txhawb nqa txoj cai ntawm lub hwj chim. Nws yog lub sijhawm nws kev coj noj coj ua uas pej xeem thaj av tau pib muab ntau heev rau hauv cov neeg ntiag tug,uas ua rau lawv puas tsuaj. Xws li txoj cai ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo stratification hauv zej zog, uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam nrov coj los ntawm Taimanov thiab Utemisov. Zhangir-Kerey tau ua phem rau nws nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txoj haujlwm ntawm Minister of Posts thiab Communications ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau tuav los ntawm Kazakh Gubaidulla Dzhangirov. Nws tseem nyob hauv keeb kwm raws li ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj uas tsim cov cai ntawm kev xaiv tsa rau thawj lub Xeev Duma. Yog li ntawd, thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm, Kazakhs tau txais txoj cai xaiv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv cov neeg mus rau tsoomfwv lub koom haum. Nws kuj suav hais tias yog poj koob yawm txwv thiab yog ib tus tsim ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab teeb liab.
Hnub no, ntau Kazakhs ntawm cov haujlwm muaj tswv yim paub hauv tebchaws Russia. Qhov no yog screenwriter thiab tsim kom muaj Vyacheslav Dusmukhametov, uas yog tus sau ntawm lub nrov comedy series "Univer. Tshiab hostel" thiab "Interns". Los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug nrov Kazakh actor, tus thawj coj ntawm lub KVN pab neeg "Team ntawm lub Kamyzyak Territory" Azamat Musagaliev plays nyob rau hauv "Interns".
In 2007, tus naas ej Kazakh opera singer Erik Kurmangaliev tuag nyob rau hauv Russia.
