Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, muab piv txwv. Koj yuav kawm tau tias hauv kev hais lus muaj ntau lub koom haum uas ib lossis lwm chav tuaj yeem faib tau.
Qeb yog dab tsi
Lub tswvyim ntawm "qib" yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Aristotle. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau txheeb xyuas 10 pawg. Cia peb teev lawv: kev kawm, kev nqis tes ua, lub xeev, txoj haujlwm, sijhawm, qhov chaw, kev sib raug zoo, qhov zoo, ntau, qhov tseem ceeb. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, lawv cov kev xaiv tau cuam tshuam rau cov khoom muag tom ntej ntawm ntau yam predicates, predicates, kab lus cov tswv cuab thiab feem ntawm kev hais lus.
Cov ntsiab lus qeb
Ua ntej txiav txim siab hom lus thiab cov teeb meem ntawm kev faib cov lus, nws yuav tsum tau hais meej cov lus no thiab. Nws yog feem ntau to taub raws li ib tug tej yam kaw system ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug semantic universal attribute los yog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus cwj pwm no, tsis hais txog ntawm txoj kev qhia ("qhia" los yog "pob") thiab qib ntawm lawv grammaticalization nyob rau hauv ib hom lus. Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem tham txog lub xub ntiagpawg tswv yim hauv qab no: alienability / inalienability, kev ua haujlwm / kev tsis ua haujlwm, ua rau, qhov chaw, lub hom phiaj, thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev hais lus, muaj ntau hom lus ntawm lexico-semantic. Los ntawm lawv yog meant chav kawm xws li cov npe ntawm lub xeev, kev tshaj lij, cov tsiaj nyob, thiab lwm yam. Yog hais tias categorizing seme tau txais ib tug derivational formal qhia, linguistic pawg hu ua derivational. Piv txwv li no: cov npe me me (pancake-chik, haus luam yeeb-ok, tsev-ik), npe ntawm daim duab (beg-un, cart-chik, xib fwb).
Linguistic pawg nyob rau hauv dav thiab nqaim senses
hom lus yog cov koom haum uas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ob qho tib si hauv qhov dav thiab nqaim. Hauv thawj kis, cov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas txawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ib qho khoom vaj khoom tsev. Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, hom lus yog qee yam tsis muaj (tus yam ntxwv) uas qhia txog kev faib cov homogeneous units rau hauv qee cov chav kawm tsis sib tshooj. Lawv cov tswv cuab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qee tus nqi ntawm qhov no lossis qhov kos npe ntawd. Piv txwv li: qeb ntawm nam, rooj plaub, animation/inanimateness, lag ntseg/voicedness, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los, lo lus no feem ntau denotes ib tug ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no parameter (cwj pwm). Piv txwv li: qeb ntawm inanimate, accusative, xeev, lag ntseg, perfective.
Nyob ntawm pawg raws li ntau yam
Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom sib xws thiab cov teeb tsa txawv ntawm nws, nrog rauKev sib raug zoo ntawm cov chav kawm muab faib, ntau hom kev sib txawv tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv. Ib txheej yuav suav nrog cov xov tooj uas yog homogeneous units. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntau yam phonological linguistic pawg yog txawv. Qhov no yog, piv txwv li, qhov txawv ntawm qhov lag ntseg / sonority. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog qeb ntawm nres consonants. Hauv qhov no, kev faib tawm yog ua raws li lub suab sib txawv.
Ib pawg muab faib ua pawg yuav suav nrog ob tog. Feem ntau lawv yog kab lus, kab lus thiab cov lus. Hauv qhov no, lo lus tsim, lexico-semantic, syntactic, grammatical thiab lwm pawg yog qhov txawv. Kev faib tawm yog ua raws li qee yam semantic lossis syntactic feature. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si tsim nyog, kev hais lus, thiab kev sib koom ua ke (cov lus no feem ntau nkag siab tias "xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus").
Kev faib tawm thiab hloov kho nta
Lwm cov cim sawv tawm. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov chav kawm muab faib, lawv muab faib ua classification (xaiv, integral) thiab hloov kho (flexion, differential). Ib qho attribute rau qee yam khoom yog hloov kho thaum nws sib raug rau ib qho ntawm qee qhov kev faib chav kawm, uas txawv ntawm nws tsuas yog tus nqi ntawm tus cwj pwm no. Cov ntawv no yog hu ua kev tawm tsam. Yog tias qhov no tsis tau pom, lub cim qhia yog cais rau cov khoom sib xws. Hauv qhov xwm txheej twg peb tuaj yeem hais txog ntau yam ntawm qee qhov dav dav ntxiv uas txawv raws li qhov muabkos npe? Cia peb teb lo lus nug no thiab. Thaum cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm ib leeg tsuas yog los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov hloov kho tus cwj pwm. Raws li rau tus classifier, nws tus nqi yog tas li, tsau rau ib chav tsev.
Hloov kho thiab faib pawg
Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, rau feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem, tus cwj pwm hloov pauv. Ces cov qeb tag nrho kuj hu ua kev hloov kho. Piv txwv li, cov no yog inflectional (inflectional) pawg. Cov no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv thiab tus lej ntawm lub npe, rooj plaub, tus lej, poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov lus qhia, mus ob peb vas, tense, tus neeg, tus naj npawb ntawm poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov lus qhia. Yog hais tias rau ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus categorical attribute yog classification, ces qeb raws li ib tug tag nrho yuav zoo ib yam. Piv txwv li, cov no yog cov lexico-semantic pawg. Piv txwv li: animacy, poj niam los txiv neej thiab ib feem ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tus noun, transitivity/intransitivity, nominal classes ntawm ib tug verb, thiab lwm yam.
"Txoj Cai" thiab "Kev zam"
Hom twg los yog qeb yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi yog nyob ntawm seb qhov kev faib ntawm cov lus dab tsi yog qhov qub, nrog rau qhov "txoj cai" rau qhov no lossis chav kawm ntawd, thiab qhov twg tuaj yeem hu ua "kev zam "" Piv txwv li, peb muaj peev xwm xav tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab rau ib co chav kawm ntawm verbs cov qeb ntawm daim ntawv yog inflectional (hloov), thiab rau lwm cov chav kawm nws yog lo lus-forming (classification). Lossis koj tuaj yeem ua ib qho ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab no rau tag nrho cov lus qhia.cov cim. Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov no tau nthuav tawm ua lus Lavxias.
Qhia Qeb
Kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo uas muaj nyob rau hauv syntax, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm "kev sib txuas lus-grammatical pawg" lossis "qib kab lus". Lawv txhais tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm qee cov kab lus (syntactic modality, affirmation / negation, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov nqe lus). Tsawg zaus, peb tuaj yeem tham txog tus kheej qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv no (piv txwv li, qeb ntawm negation). Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb, N. Yu. Shvedova, muaj lub tswv yim sib txawv. Lawv tham txog kab lus-hloov pawg. Muaj lwm lub tswv yim.
kab lus sau lus
Cov lus piav qhia hom lus thiab lawv hom yog cov kawm thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lawv cov yam ntxwv nta yog qhov hloov kho ntawm tus cwj pwm coj los ua lub hauv paus, nws txoj kev koom tes hauv syntax, muaj ib txoj hauv kev uas nws tau nthuav tawm, nrog rau qhov "yuav tsum tau" xaiv rau (lo lus) cov ntaub ntawv teej tug mus rau ib tug muab teev., ib qho ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus. Pawg grammatical yog kaw cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ntsiab lus uas tsis suav nrog ib leeg. Lawv txhais ib qho kev faib rau hauv cov chav kawm uas tsis muaj kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau hom lus. Piv txwv li, grammatical lub ntsiab lus xws li plural los yog ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv tag nrho cov qeb ntawm tus lej.
Text concept
Ua ntej xav txog cov lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, cia peb txhais lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Cov ntawv nyeem yog ib yam khoom ntawm kev kawm multidimensional hauvlinguistics, txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, lub tswv yim no tseem txhais txawv. Kuj tsis muaj kev lees paub dav dav. Yog li ntawd, xav txog qhov uas feem ntau.
Cov ntawv nyeem feem ntau yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb (hais lus-xav). Qhov kawg tuaj yeem tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha, thiab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg kev paub txog kev muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig.
Text as a linguistic category
Nws cov units tsim cov khoom (cov qauv tsim), tau nthuav dav rau hauv kab lus cais lossis lawv pawg. Ib kab lus (texteme, kab lus, nqe lus) yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Nws raug lees paub thiab pom tias muaj feem xyuam nrog lwm cov kab lus. Ntawd yog, nws yog ib feem ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, ib feem ntawm tag nrho. Cov kab lus yog nws qhov chaw sib txuas lus tsawg tshaj plaws.
STS (SFU)
Nyob hauv cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tib lub sijhawm, cov kab lus qee zaum ua ke ua pawg, uas tau txais cov npe sib txawv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv. V. A. Bukhbinder, piv txwv li, hu lawv cov phrasal ensembles thiab phrasal units. N. S. Pospelov, A. P. Peshkovsky, S. G. Ilyenko, L. M. Loseva xav txog lawv cov complex syntactic integers (CTS). T. M. Nikolaeva, O. I. Moskalskaya, I. R. Galperin hu lawv superphrasal unitities (SFU). Txhawm rau xaiv ib pawg kab lus ntsig txog lub ntsiab lus, SFU thiab STS feem ntau siv. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem complex, uas muaj tsawg kawg yog obCov kab lus ywj pheej uas muaj kev ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus, thiab kuj ua ib feem ntawm kev sib txuas lus tiav.
pub dawb thiab muaj zog
Nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua kab lus raug muab ua ke rau hauv pawg hauv cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv. Cov dawb kuj tseem txawv, uas tsis suav nrog lawv, tab sis txuas nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog ib pab pawg. Lawv muaj cov lus qhia, tus sau qhov kev tsis txaus siab. Cov tswv yim zoo li no ua raws li kev sib txuas ntawm STS, yog qhov txhais tau tias yog lub ntsiab lus tshiab micro-tsim.
Qee cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tseem qhia cov kab lus muaj zog hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Lawv tuaj yeem nkag siab yam tsis paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm tus. Cov kev muab zoo li no tsis suav nrog hauv STS.
kev sib txuas lus blocs thiab cov koom haum loj dua
Dab tsi lwm hom lus ntawm cov ntawv tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv? Pawg ntawm kab lus raug muab ua ke rau hauv cov blocks ntawm qhov loj dua. Lawv raug hu ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb xws li fragments los yog predicative-relative complexes. Lwm lub npe yog cov kev sib txuas lus.
Cov koom haum tseem loj dua. Lawv koom nrog cov tshooj lus hauv qab no: tshooj, ntu, kab lus, kab lus.
Yog li, kab lus thiab lawv pawg yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Tag nrho cov so ua, raws li txoj cai, cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm. Lawv feem ntau txhais tau hais tias kev sib txuas lus interfacial. Wb muab ib lo lus txhais rau lub tswvyim no.
Kev sib txuas sib txuas
Nws sawv cev qhov sib txuas ntawm STS, kab lus, tshooj,kab lus thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas npaj nws cov qauv thiab semantic kev sib sau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib txuas semantic ntawm tus kheej cov kab lus yog muab nrog kev pab ntawm lexical thiab grammatical txhais tau tias. Nws feem ntau yog ib qho kev sib txuas los yog cov saw txuas. Cov tom kawg yog siv los ntawm kev rov ua ib tus tswv cuab ntawm kab lus dhau los hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov, xa mus rau qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm nws cov qauv. Cov lus pom zoo nrog kev sib txuas lus sib txuas tsis sib txuas, tab sis muab piv. Hauv qhov no, qhov sib piv ntawm kev tsim kho tso cai rau kev tawm tsam lossis kev sib piv, nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib xws.
Kev siv ntau hom kev sib txuas lus
Nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus, txhua hom kev sib txuas tau ua tiav. Piv txwv li, cov lus hais, cov lus sib txuas, cov lus piav qhia, thiab lwm yam yog siv los txuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. parallelism hauv kev tsim cov kab lus. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm verbs uas muaj ib tug ntau tense txoj kev npaj, anaphoric ntsiab, tib lo lus txiav txim, thiab lwm yam.
Linguistic pawg ntawm cov ntawv creolized
Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib pawg raws li cov lus hu ua classical verbal homogeneous texts. Nws yog tsim nyog los qhia meej lub tswvyim ntawm "creolization". Qhov no yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam cimsystems nyob rau hauv ib tug complex uas ua tau raws li lub textuarity mob. Figurative Cheebtsam yog hais txog cov txhais tau tias los ntawm cov creolization ntawm cov lus hais yog nqa tawm. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lawv txoj kev txhais lus thiab txhua yam kev qhia txog kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem uas cuam tshuam rau lawv lub ntsiab lus. Cov nram qab no sawv tawm ntawm lawv: keeb kwm yav dhau, xim thiab font ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, cim cim, sau ntawv, tsim cov lus, kos duab tsim (hauv ib kem, hauv daim duab ntawm daim duab), luam tawm cov cim cim (ideograms, pictograms), thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntawv nyeem yog li no ib qho qauv, qhov twg thiab cov kab lus ntawm tus kheej sib cuam tshuam. Cov pawg lus thiab cov laj thawj yog ib lub ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem hais tau ntev heev. Peb sim qhia qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txhua tus kws kho mob yuav tsum paub dab tsi.
