Chromosome yog dab tsi? Ib txheej ntawm chromosomes. khub ntawm chromosomes

Cov txheej txheem:

Chromosome yog dab tsi? Ib txheej ntawm chromosomes. khub ntawm chromosomes
Chromosome yog dab tsi? Ib txheej ntawm chromosomes. khub ntawm chromosomes
Anonim

Kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv hauv cov tsiaj qus muaj ua tsaug rau chromosomes, noob, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Cov ntaub ntawv caj ces yog khaws cia thiab xa mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov saw ntawm nucleotides hauv DNA. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov noob yog dab tsi hauv qhov tshwm sim no? Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug chromosome nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kis tau tus mob ntawm hereditary traits? Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no tso cai rau peb nkag siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm coding thiab genetic ntau haiv neeg ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, nws nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg chromosomes suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem, ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov qauv no.

Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm "heredity particles"

Kawm cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom, ntau tus kws kho tsiaj thiab cov kws kho tsiaj nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau ua tib zoo mloog rau cov xov nyias thiab cov qauv me me tshaj plaws hauv lub nucleus. Ntau zaus tshaj li lwm tus, German anatomist W alter Flemming hu ua tus nrhiav pom ntawm chromosomes. Nws yog nws leej twg siv aniline dyes los ua cov qauv nuclear. Flemming hu ua cov khoom tshawb pom "chromatin" rau nws lub peev xwm los stain. Lub sij hawm "chromosomes" yog coined los ntawm Heinrich Waldeyer nyob rau hauv 1888.

Tib lub sijhawm uas Flemming, kuv tab tom nrhiav rau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi yogchromosome, Belgian Edouard van Beneden. Ib me ntsis dhau los, German biologists Theodor Boveri thiab Eduard Strasburger tau ua ib qho kev sim ua pov thawj ntawm tus kheej ntawm chromosomes, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm lawv cov lej hauv ntau hom kab mob nyob.

dab tsi yog chromosome
dab tsi yog chromosome

Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau chromosome theory of heredity

Asmeskas tus kws tshawb fawb W alter Sutton tau pom tias muaj pes tsawg chromosomes muaj nyob rau hauv cell nucleus. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias cov qauv no yog cov nqa ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev sib txuas, cov cim qhia ntawm lub cev. Sutton pom tias chromosomes yog tsim los ntawm cov noob uas xa cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Tus kws kho caj ces hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau piav qhia txog cov khub chromosome, lawv txoj kev txav mus los ntawm kev faib cov cell nucleus.

Txawm hais tias tsis hais tus neeg Asmeskas cov npoj yaig, Theodore Boveri coj txoj haujlwm tib yam. Ob tus kws tshawb fawb hauv lawv cov ntawv sau tau kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov caj ces, tsim cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm chromosomes (1902-1903). Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Boveri-Sutton txoj kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv chav kuaj ntawm Nobel laureate Thomas Morgan. Ib tug kws paub txog tsiaj txhu Amelikas uas zoo tshaj plaws thiab nws cov neeg pab tau tsim muaj ntau qhov kev tso kawm ntawm cov noob hauv chromosome, tsim lub hauv paus cytological uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj cai lij choj ntawm Gregor Mendel, leej txiv ntawm noob caj noob ces.

teeb ntawm chromosomes
teeb ntawm chromosomes

Chromosomes hauv ib lub cell

Kev kawm txog cov qauv ntawm chromosomes pib tom qab lawv tshawb pom thiab piav qhia hauv xyoo 19th. Lub cev thiab cov xov no muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob prokaryotic (tsis yog nuclear) thiab eukaryotic hlwb (hauv nuclei). Kawm hauv qabmicroscope ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau qhov chromosome yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm morphological. Qhov no yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes zoo li lub cev, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm qee theem ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes. Hauv interphase, tag nrho cov ntim ntawm lub nucleus yog nyob ntawm chromatin. Hauv lwm lub sijhawm, chromosomes yog qhov txawv ntawm ib lossis ob chromatids.

Cov qauv no tau pom zoo dua thaum lub sijhawm faib cell - mitosis lossis meiosis. Hauv cov hlwb eukaryotic, cov kab chromosomes loj loj tau pom ntau dua. Lawv me me hauv prokaryotes, txawm hais tias muaj kev zam. Cells feem ntau muaj ntau tshaj ib hom chromosome, piv txwv li, mitochondria thiab chloroplasts muaj lawv tus kheej me me "heredity particles".

chromosomes nyob rau hauv ib lub cell
chromosomes nyob rau hauv ib lub cell

Zoo ntawm chromosomes

Txhua tus chromosome muaj tus qauv ntawm tus kheej, txawv ntawm lwm yam staining nta. Thaum kawm morphology, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau txiav txim siab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub centromere, qhov ntev thiab qhov chaw ntawm caj npab txheeb ze rau constriction. Cov txheej txheem ntawm chromosomes feem ntau suav nrog cov ntawv hauv qab no:

  • metacentric, lossis sib npaug ntawm caj npab, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub centromere;
  • submetacentric, lossis caj npab tsis sib npaug (qhov kev txwv yog hloov mus rau ib qho ntawm telomeres);
  • acrocentric, lossis qws-zoo li tus, hauv lawv lub centromere nyob yuav luag ntawm qhov kawg ntawm chromosome;
  • dot with hard-to-define shape.

Chromosome Functions

Chromosomes muaj cov noob - cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev xeeb tub. Telomeres yog qhov kawg ntawm chromosome caj npab. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb no pab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj, tiv thaivsticking ntawm fragments. Lub centromere ua nws txoj haujlwm thaum cov chromosomes duplicated. Nws muaj ib tug kinetochore, nws yog rau nws tias fission spindle lug txuas. Txhua khub ntawm chromosomes yog tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub centromere. Cov spindle fibers ntawm kev faib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas ib tug chromosome tawm rau cov ntxhais hlwb, thiab tsis yog ob leeg. Uniform doubling nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev faib yog muab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm replication. Qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua tus chromosome pib ib txhij ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab lus, uas ua rau kom tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib.

pes tsawg chromosomes
pes tsawg chromosomes

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm DNA thiab RNA

Nws tuaj yeem tshawb pom tias chromosome yog dab tsi, qhov haujlwm ntawm cov qauv no ua haujlwm li cas tom qab kawm txog nws cov biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv eukaryotic hlwb, nuclear chromosomes yog tsim los ntawm ib tug condensed tshuaj - chromatin. Raws li kev soj ntsuam, nws muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg molecular siab:

  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA);
  • Yribonucleic acid (RNA);

    Histone proteins.

  • x chromosome
    x chromosome

Nucleic acids ncaj qha rau hauv biosynthesis ntawm cov amino acids thiab cov proteins, xyuas kom cov kev sib kis ntawm cov noob caj noob ces los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam. DNA muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm eukaryotic cell, RNA yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.

Genes

X-ray diffraction tsom xam pom tias DNA tsim ob lub helix, cov chains uas muaj nucleotides. Lawv yog cov deoxyribose carbohydrate, ib pawg phosphate, thiab ib qho ntawm plaub lub hauv paus nitrogenous:

  1. A- adenine.
  2. G - guanine.
  3. T - thymine.
  4. C - cytosine.
  5. tus naj npawb ntawm chromosomes
    tus naj npawb ntawm chromosomes

ntu ntawm helical deoxyribonucleoprotein filaments yog cov noob uas nqa cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov proteins lossis RNA. Thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam, cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm tau dhau los ntawm cov niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov noob alleles. Lawv txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ib yam kabmob. Raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, cov ntu ntawm DNA uas tsis encode polypeptides ua haujlwm tswj hwm. Tib neeg genome tuaj yeem muaj txog 30,000 genes.

set ntawm chromosomes

Tag nrho cov chromosomes, lawv cov yam ntxwv - tus yam ntxwv ntawm hom. Nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yoov, lawv tus naj npawb yog 8, nyob rau hauv primates - 48, nyob rau hauv tib neeg - 46. Tus naj npawb no yog tas mus li rau cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj nyob rau tib hom. Rau txhua tus eukaryotes, muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "diploid chromosomes". Qhov no yog ib qho tiav, lossis 2n, sib piv rau haploid - ib nrab tus lej (n).

Chromosomes hauv ib khub yog homologous, zoo tib yam hauv cov duab, qauv, qhov chaw ntawm centromeres thiab lwm yam. Homologues muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm cov chromosomes hauv cov teeb. Staining nrog cov xim yooj yim tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab, kawm qhov txawv ntawm txhua khub. Lub diploid txheej ntawm chromosomes yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv somatic hlwb, thaum lub haploid teeb yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev sib deev (hu ua gametes). Hauv cov tsiaj nyeg thiab lwm yam kab mob uas muaj sia nyob nrog cov txiv neej sib deev heterogametic, ob hom kev sib deev chromosomes raug tsim: X chromosome thiab Y. Txiv neej muajset XY, poj niam - XX.

Human chromosome set

Cov hlwb ntawm tib neeg lub cev muaj 46 chromosomes. Tag nrho lawv tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv 23 khub uas ua rau lub teeb. Muaj ob hom chromosomes: autosomes thiab kev sib deev chromosomes. Thawj daim ntawv 22 khub - ib txwm rau cov poj niam thiab txiv neej. Cov khub thib 23 txawv ntawm lawv - kev sib deev chromosomes, uas tsis yog homologous hauv cov hlwb ntawm tus txiv neej lub cev.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm caj ces txuas rau poj niam txiv neej. Lawv kis tau los ntawm Y thiab X chromosome hauv cov txiv neej, ob Xs hauv cov poj niam. Autosomes muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau los. Muaj cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau koj ua tus kheej txhua tus 23 khub. Lawv zoo distinguishable nyob rau hauv cov duab kos thaum pleev xim rau hauv ib qho xim. Nws pom tau tias 22nd chromosome hauv tib neeg genome yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws. Nws stretched DNA yog 1.5 cm ntev thiab muaj 48 lab puag khub. Tshwj xeeb histone proteins los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm chromatin ua compression, tom qab uas cov xov yuav siv sij hawm ntau txhiab lub sij hawm tsawg qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob, cov histones hauv interphase nucleus zoo li cov hlaws dai ntawm ib txoj hlua ntawm DNA.

diploid chromosomes
diploid chromosomes

kab mob caj ces

Muaj ntau dua 3 txhiab kab mob ntawm ntau hom, tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab kev txawv txav hauv cov chromosomes. Down syndrome yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Ib tug me nyuam uas muaj kab mob xws li caj ces yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev lag luam hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev. Nrog cystic fibrosis, muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog ntshav tawm sab nraud. Kev ua txhaum cai ua rau muaj teeb meem nrog hws, excretion thiab tsub zuj zujmucus hauv lub cev. Nws ua rau lub ntsws ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.

Kev ua txhaum ntawm qhov pom xim - xim qhov muag tsis pom kev - tiv thaiv qee qhov ntawm cov xim spectrum. Hemophilia ua rau tsis muaj zog ntawm cov ntshav txhaws. Lactose intolerance tiv thaiv tib neeg lub cev los ntawm absorbing mis nyuj qab zib. Hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm npaj tsev neeg, koj tuaj yeem paub txog qhov ua rau muaj kab mob caj ces tshwj xeeb. Hauv cov chaw kho mob loj, nws muaj peev xwm mus kuaj thiab kho kom zoo.

kev sib deev chromosomes
kev sib deev chromosomes

Genotherapy yog ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub no, tshawb nrhiav cov caj ces ntawm cov kab mob caj ces thiab nws tshem tawm. Siv cov txheej txheem tshiab, cov noob ib txwm tau nkag mus rau hauv cov hlwb pathological es tsis txhob cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kws kho mob txo tus neeg mob tsis yog ntawm cov tsos mob, tab sis yog vim li cas ua rau tus kab mob. Tsuas yog kev kho ntawm cov hlwb somatic yog ua tiav, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho noob tseem tsis tau siv enmasse hauv kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hlwb.

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