Pronoun yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom, nws yog heev ze rau lub npe, uas nws yog tsuas yog siv los hloov, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txwv tsis pub cov dej num ntawm lub pronoun tsuas yog nrog rau qhov no function yog tiag tiag ruam. Cov lus hais txog tus neeg tsis muaj npe tshwj xeeb, nws ua haujlwm txuas cov kab lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem, thiab qee zaum txawm los txhawb qee cov lus. Ntau yam, txoj cai? Tias yog vim li cas cov lus hais hauv kab lus tseem ceeb heev - ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej txog cov khoom siv ntau yam.
Theoretical introduction
Tau kawg, rooj plaub ntawm cov lus, lossis qhov zoo, lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab, ua raws li cov cai tib yam li cov npe (nws twb tau hais saum toj no tias ob feem ntawm kev hais lus muaj ntau qhov sib xws). Pronouns yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tib yam rau qhov xwm txheej (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental thiab prepositional) ua tus npe.
Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum lub npe nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub tshwj tsis yog lub npe, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov lus nyob hauv oblique rooj plaub. Tau kawg, cov yam ntxwv ntawm declension kuj nyob ntawm cov qeb ntawm cov lus. Qee tus ntawm lawv tsis hloov hauv txoj cai, hauv qee tus lej cov kev hloov pauv tsuas yog qee tus neeg hais lus xwb. Qhov no yog qhov peb yuav daws nrog. "Pronoun Cases" yog lub rooj peb pib nrog.
|
muaj case |
No case |
| Tus kheej, rov qab, nug, txheeb ze, tsis zoo, tsis paub meej, qhia tau, qhia | Kev sib tham, txheeb ze thiab qhia. |
tus kheej pronouns
Pib pib nrog cov hauv paus: hloov tus kheej pronouns los ntawm rooj plaub. Cov npe ntawm tus kheej suav nrog qhov paub zoo kuv, koj, nws / nws, peb, koj, lawv. Tag nrho cov no raug tsis lees paub los ntawm rooj plaub - tsuas yog hloov cov lus nug kom raug thiab tau txais daim ntawv uas peb xav tau.
"Case of pronouns" - lub rooj hais txog tsuas yog qeb ntawm tus kheej pronouns.
| I. p | I | koj | Nws/nws/nws | Peb | koj | Nyob |
| R. p. | Me | koj | Us | koj | Nyob | |
| B. p. | Me | koj | Us | koj | Nyob | |
| D. p. | Me | koj | Us | koj | Im | |
| T. p. | Me | koj | Nws / nws / lawv | Nim | koj | Imi |
| P. p. | About me | Nyob ntawm koj | About nws/nws/nws | About us | Nyob ntawm koj | About them |
Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, hauv oblique rooj plaub uas tau hais ua ntej, cov lus ntawm tus neeg thib peb, tsis hais tus lej, tau txais tus lej ntxiv "n". Hmoov zoo, tsis muaj lwm yam peculiarities: rooj plaub ntawm tus kheej pronouns tsis nyuaj, puas yog?
Reflexive Pronoun
Cia peb mus ntxiv. Cov pawg no suav nrog ib tus kheej tus kheej, uas tsis muaj tus lej lossis poj niam txiv neej, tab sis tseem khaws tib daim ntawv hauv txhua kis. Ntawm no, sim tsis kam lees nws - thiab koj yuav pom ntawm koj tus kheej.
Cov lus muaj npe
Cov qeb tom ntej yog txuam nrog cov lus uas qhia txog qhov khoom ntawm ib qho khoom rau ib tug neeg. Qhov no suav nrog kuv, koj li,nws, peb, koj, lawv. Cov npe ntawm pawg no tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus hauv qab no:
| I. p | Kuv | Nws / nws | Peb | Nyob | ||
| R. p. | Kuv | Yuav Yuav | Nws / nws | Peb | Nyob | |
| B. p. | Kuv | Yuav Yuav | Nws / nws | Peb | Nyob | |
| D. p. | Nws / nws | Peb | Nyob | |||
| T. p. | Kuv | Nws / nws | Peb |
Yuav Yuav |
Nyob | |
| P. p. | About my | About koj | Nws / nws | About our | About koj | Nyob |
Lub rooj qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv peb tus neeg lub tswv yim tsis hloov hlo li, thaum nyob rau hauv thawj thiab thib ob koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau hloov ob peb tsab ntawv thaum pib - qhov xaus yog tib yam.
Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho ntawm qhov yuam kev tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias niaj hnub yog txuam nrog pawg no. Qee tus tsim lub npe zoo li "lawv", thiab tom qab ntawd lawv kuj sim tsis lees nws. Yog li, nco ntsoov nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv tus neeg thib peb hauv ntau qhov ntau yeej tsis muaj lub npe zoo li no! Lawv, lawv, thiab tsuas yog lawv!
Interrogative thiab txheeb ze pronoun
Ntawm no yog siv los nug ib lo lus nug. Thiab ntawm no thawj qhov teeb meem pib. Pronouns dab tsi?, leej twg?, uas? muaj poj niam txiv neej, naj npawb, thiab rooj plaub. Rau pronouns leej twg?, dab tsi?, npaum li cas? lub xub ntiag ntawm tsuas yog rooj plaub yog yam ntxwv, tus so ntawm pawg yog txawv txawv rau nws. Thiab tib lub npe uas rhuav tshem tag nrho cov kab ke yog dab tsi?: nws tsis muaj rooj plaub, tab sis nws hloov los ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab tus lej.
| I. p | Yim | Neeg | Yim | Yog | Yim | Nyiaj |
| R. p. | Yim | Neeg | uas | Hmoob | Yim | Ntau npaum li cas |
| B. p. | Yim | Neeg | Yim | Hmoob | Yim | Ntau npaum li cas |
| D. p. | Yim | Neeg | rau leej twg | rau | Yim | Ntau npaum li cas |
| T. p. | How | Neeg | Yim | Yog | Thawj | Ntau npaum li cas |
| P. p. | About what | Yog | About who | About who | Yim | Nyob ntau npaum li cas |
Tseem tuaj yeem hais txog cov lus txheeb ze. Los ntawm thiab loj, cov lus txheeb ze yog tib cov lus nug, tsuas yog tsis muaj lo lus nug ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab lus.
Nws kuj yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub pronoun muaj pes tsawg, thaum declensed, kev nyuaj siab tseem nyob rau hauv thawj lub suab, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub xeem lus, raws li feem ntau cov neeg xav.
Neegative thiab indefinite pronouns
Peb txuas ntxiv kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus los ntawm cov xwm txheej nrog pawg tshiab, qhov twg kuj muaj qee qhov nuances. Poj niam los txiv neej, tus naj npawb thiab rooj plaub tsuas muaj tsis muaj, tsis muaj leej twg, thaum tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj dab tsi, tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj dab tsi, tsis muaj dab tsi, tsuas yog hloov raws li lub cim kawg, tsis muaj qhov seem.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus tsis zoo tag nrho thiab tag nrho coincide nrog interrogative-negative pronouns, nrog rau cov lus qhia xwb - qhov ntxiv ntawm lub prefix tsis yog / tsis.
Ib yam tuaj yeem hais txog cov lus tsis kawg. Siv ib tug txheeb ze pronoun, ntxiv raupostfixes rau nws - ib yam dab tsi, - ib yam, - ib yam dab tsi thiab peb tau txais ib yam tshiab ntawm pronouns: ib co, ib yam dab tsi. Cov ntaub ntawv declension tseem zoo ib yam, uas undoubtedly zoo heev simplifies txoj hauj lwm nrog hom lus no. Qee qhov xwm txheej, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov ntawv ua ntej tsis yog / tsis yog: qee qhov, qee yam.
Definitive pronouns
Zoo los ze rau qhov kawg. Tom ntej no nyob rau hauv kab yog ib qeb tshiab, tag nrho cov pronouns uas muaj poj niam txiv neej, naj npawb thiab rooj plaub. Qhov no suav nrog nws tus kheej, feem ntau, tag nrho, txhua tus, txhua tus, txhua yam, sib txawv, tag nrho, tag nrho. Volumetric, tau kawg, tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov nyuaj. Peb nyo hau ntxiv!
| I. p | Nws tus kheej | Muaj | Txhua yam | Txhua tus | Txhua yam | Nyob | Txhua yam | Lwm yam | Lwm | |
| R. p. | Nws tus kheej | Nws tus kheej | Tag nrho | khoom | khoom | Nyob | Txhua yam | Lwm | Lwm yam | Txhua |
| B. p. | Nws tus kheej | Nws tus kheej | Tag nrho | khoom | khoom | Nyob | Txhua yam | Lwm | Lwm | Txhua |
| D. p. | Rau Nws tus kheej | Rau Nws tus kheej | Txhua yam | khoom | Txhua tus | Nyob ib leeg | rau lwm tus | Lwm | rau tag nrho | |
| T. p. | Nws tus kheej | Ntau tshaj | Txhua tus | Txhua yam | Txhua tus | Txhua yam | Lwm | Lwm | Txhua | |
| P. p. | About it | About it | Txhua yam | Nyob rau txhua tus | Txhua yam | Nyob rau txhua tus | About someone | Txog lwm yam | Nco lwm yam | Nyob rau tag nrho |
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus nws tus kheej, feem ntau thiab txhua tus, txhua yam yog qhov ua tau zoo ib yam, tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab ntau rau kev nco txog cov npe ntawm cov lus sib txawv, nws yog ntau. yooj yim dua los txheeb xyuas txoj cai, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis muaj teeb meem.
Kev hais tawm
Qhov kawg ntawm pawg txaus siab rau peb dua nrog nuances. Cov lus no, uas-(uas), xws li-(uas) muaj tus lej thiab rooj plaub, ntau heev-(uas) - tsuas yog rooj plaub, tab sis xws li, los ntawm kev sib piv nrog uas, tsis xav hloov ntawm rooj plaub txhua, tshuav nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv.
| I. p | Ntawm no | Tot | Ntawm no | |
| R. p. | Ntawm no | Togo | Ntawm no | |
| B. p. | Ntawm no | Togo | Ntawm no | |
| D. p. | rau qhov no | rau qhov | rau qhov no | |
| T. p. | Ntawm no | Tem | So | |
| P. p. | About it | About it | About no |
Thiab dua, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus uas, uas. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus qhia, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, qhov twg tsis muaj dab tsi los cim kom raug.
Nuances, qhov twg tsis muaj lawv
Tau kawg, muaj qee qhov peculiarities ntawm pronoun declension. Piv txwv li, cov neeg mob siab ntev tau pom ntev tias cov lus hais yog ib lub ntsiab lus heev, ze heev rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm adjectives: qhov xaus yog tib yam. Tsuas yog kev zam rau txoj cai no yog tag nrho ntawm koj tus kheej: hauv qhov xwm txheej no, koj tseem yuav tsum xav me ntsis.
Txuas ntxiv lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tus, ua rawsNco ntsoov tias tsuas yog ib qho uas muaj lub suab nrov: txhua yam-txhua yam-txhua yam thiab lwm yam - lub hauv paus "e" tsuas yog poob tawm, tsis tshwm sim tom qab ntawm ib qho xwm txheej.
Ntxiv mus, qee lub npe muaj cov ntawv hu ua archaic: txhua tus - txhua tus - txhua tus. Lawv suav hais tias luv luv. Thiab tseem lub npe sam nyob rau hauv cov poj niam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv accusative (tus kheej) yog tiag tiag xam tau tias yog ib tug colloquial daim ntawv, thaum cov lus sau yuav xav siv lub variant samoyo (los ntawm analogy, lawv kuj tham txog tu-tuyo - los ntawm lub npe ta).. Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj txhais daim ntawv nws tus kheej, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tsab ntawv kawg, tab sis nws twb tau txiav txim siab siv me me thiab yuav luag tsis nco qab.
