Nws yog 1751. Nyob rau hauv me me Sweden, ua tsaug rau tus kws tshawb fawb Axel Frederik Krondstedt, lub ntsiab lus 17 tau tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas muaj 12 cov hlau paub, ntxiv rau sulfur, phosphorus, carbon thiab arsenic. Lawv tau txais ib tus neeg tuaj tshiab rau hauv lawv lub tuam txhab, nws lub npe yog npib tsib xee.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Ntau xyoo ua ntej qhov kev tshawb pom txuj ci tseem ceeb no, cov miners los ntawm Saxony tau paub txog cov ore uas tuaj yeem yuam kev rau tooj liab ore. Kev sim rho tooj liab los ntawm cov khoom siv no tsis muaj dab tsi. Xav tias dag, lub pob zeb pib hu ua "Kupfernikel" (hauv Lavxias - "dab ntxwg nyoog tooj liab").
Krondstedt, tus kws tshaj lij hauv cov zaub mov, tau nyiam cov ore no. Tom qab ua haujlwm ntau, tau txais cov hlau tshiab, uas hu ua npib tsib xee. Bergman tau tuav lub pob tshawb nrhiav. Nws txuas ntxiv kho cov hlau thiab tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov khoom no zoo li hlau.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm nickel
Nickel suav nrog hauv pawg thib kaum ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab yog nyob rau hauv plaub lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv qab tus lej atomic 28. Yog tias koj tshem lub cim Ni hauv lub rooj, qhov no yog npib tsib xee. Nws muaj ib tug ntxoov ntxoo ntawm daj, ntawm ib tug silver puag. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua hlautsis ploj. Khoom thiab viscous heev. Nws qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau forging, kom cov khoom nyias nyias tuaj yeem ua. Zoo meej polished. Nickel tuaj yeem nyiam nrog cov hlau nplaum. Txawm tias nyob rau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 340 degrees nrog lub cim kos, cov yam ntxwv sib nqus ntawm npib tsib xee pom. Nickel yog hlau resistant rau corrosion. Nws nthuav tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg. Dab tsi tuaj yeem hais txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm nickel?
tshuaj muaj zog
Dab tsi yog qhov xav tau los txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov npib tsib xee? Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los sau cov atoms (xws li lawv tus lej) peb cov hlau muaj. Molar mass (nws tseem hu ua atomic mass) yog 58.6934 (g / mol). Cov kev ntsuas tau txav mus. Lub vojvoog ntawm lub atom ntawm peb cov hlau yog 124 teev tsaus ntuj. Thaum ntsuas lub vojvoog ion, qhov tshwm sim pom (+ 2e) 69 teev tsaus ntuj, thiab tus lej 115 teev tsaus ntuj yog lub vojvoog covalent. Raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm tus nto moo crystallographer thiab kws tshuaj zoo heev Pauling, lub electronegativity yog 1.91, thiab lub peev xwm hluav taws xob yog 0.25 V.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua thiab dej ntawm nickel yuav luag tsis pom zoo. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog alkali. Vim li cas cov hlau no ua li no? NiO yog tsim los ntawm nws qhov chaw. Qhov no yog txheej txheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm zaj duab xis uas tiv thaiv oxidation. Yog tias npib tsib xee raug rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab heev, ces nws pib hnov mob nrog oxygen, thiab tseem ua nrog halogens, thiab nrog rau tag nrho.
Yog nickel nkag mus rau hauv nitric acid, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsis siv sijhawm ntev. Nws kuj tau nkag mus rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem uas muaj ammonia.
Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov kua qaub ua haujlwm ntawm nickel. Cov kua qaub xws li hydrochloric thiab sulfuric,yaj nws maj mam tab sis muaj tseeb. Thiab kev sim ua ib yam nrog npib tsib xee hauv phosphoric acid tsis ua tiav txhua qhov.
Nickel hauv xwm
Cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog cov hlau uas muaj 90%, thiab npib tsib xee yog 10 npaug tsawg dua. Muaj cov muaj cob alt - 0.6%. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib hloov, nickel atoms tau tawm mus rau hauv txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hau. Lawv yog cov tsim ntawm tooj liab-nickel sulfide ores, ua ke nrog tooj liab thiab sulfur. Qee qhov nickel atoms uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tsis nres ntawd thiab thawb lawv txoj kev mus ntxiv. Atoms rushed mus rau saum npoo hauv tuam txhab nrog chromium, magnesium, thiab hlau. Ntxiv mus, cov phooj ywg ncig ntawm peb cov hlau tau oxidized thiab detached.
Felsic thiab ultrabasic pob zeb tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee hauv cov pob zeb acidic tsawg dua li cov ultramafic. Yog li ntawd, cov av thiab cov nroj tsuag muaj haum zoo enriched nyob rau hauv nickel. Tab sis kev taug kev ntawm tus phab ej nyob rau hauv kev sib tham hauv biosphere thiab dej tsis pom zoo.
Nickel ores
Industrial nickel ores muab faib ua ob hom.
- Sulfide tooj liab-nickel. Minerals: magnesium, pyrrhotite, cubanite, milerite, petlandite, sperrylite - yog dab tsi muaj nyob rau hauv cov ores. Ua tsaug rau cov magma uas tsim lawv. Sulphide ores tuaj yeem tsim palladium, kub, thiab ntau dua.
- Silicate nickel ores. Lawv xoob, zoo li av nplaum. Ores ntawm hom no yog ferruginous, siliceous, magnesian.
Qhov twg siv nickel
Nickel yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam muaj zog xws li metallurgy. Namely, nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ntau yam ntawm alloys. Feem ntau, cov alloy muaj xws li hlau, npib tsib xee thiab cob alt. Muaj ntau cov alloys raws li nickel. Peb cov hlau yog ua ke rau hauv ib qho alloy, piv txwv li, nrog titanium, chromium, molybdenum. Nickel kuj tseem siv los tiv thaiv cov khoom uas corrode sai. Cov khoom no yog npib tsib xee-plated, uas yog, lawv tsim tshwj xeeb npib tsib xee txheej uas tsis tso cai rau corrosion ua nws opposite.
Nickel yog ib qho zoo heev catalyst. Yog li ntawd, nws tau nquag siv hauv kev lag luam chemical. Cov no yog cov khoom siv, cov tais diav, cov khoom siv rau ntau yam kev siv. Rau cov khoom siv tshuaj, khoom noj khoom haus, kev xa khoom ntawm alkalis, khaws cia cov roj tseem ceeb, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov dej tso dej ua los ntawm cov khoom siv nickel. Nuclear technology, TV, ntau yam khoom siv, cov npe uas ntev heev, ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj hlau no.
Yog tias koj saib mus rau hauv thaj chaw xws li ntsuas ntsuas, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv tshuab, koj yuav pom tias anodes thiab cathodes yog cov ntawv npib tsib xee. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm xws li ib qho yooj yim zoo hlau. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm npib tsib xee hauv tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob kwv yees.
Nickel hauv tshuaj
Nickel yog siv dav hauv tshuaj. Ua ntej, cia peb coj cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis yog nyob ntawm tus kws kho mob nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej uas nws ua haujlwm. Cov cuab yeej siv ntau yam kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, thiab yog tias lawv tau ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj npib tsib xee, ces corrosion yuav tsis siv sijhawm ntev. Thiab cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau uas muaj npib tsib xee siv sijhawm ntev dua.
Hais txog kev cog qoob loo, cov nickel alloys yog siv los ua rau lawv. Nickel-muaj steel muaj lub zog siab. Cov cuab yeej kho cov pob txha, cov pob txha, cov ntsia hlau - txhua yam yog ua los ntawm cov hlau no. Hauv kev kho hniav, implants kuj tau coj lawv txoj haujlwm muaj zog. Bugels, stainless hlau braces yog siv los ntawm orthodontists.
Nickel hauv cov kab mob muaj sia
Yog tias koj saib lub ntiaj teb los ntawm hauv qab mus, daim duab tshwm sim zoo li no. Peb muaj av hauv qab peb ko taw. Cov ntsiab lus nickel nyob rau hauv nws yog siab dua nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Tab sis yog hais tias peb xav txog cov nroj tsuag no nyob rau hauv lub prism uas nyiam peb, ces ib tug loj nickel ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv legumes. Thiab nyob rau hauv cereals, qhov feem pua ntawm nickel yog nce.
Cia peb luv luv xav txog qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus ntawm npib tsib xee hauv cov nroj tsuag, dej hiav txwv thiab cov tsiaj hauv av. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv tib neeg. Qhov ntsuas yog qhov hnyav feem pua. Yog li, qhov loj ntawm npib tsib xee hauv cov nroj tsuag yog 510 -5 . Av tsiaj 110-6, 610-4. Thiab tib neeg muaj cov ntsiab lus nickel ntawm 1-210-6.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm nickel hauv tib neeg lub cev
Koj ib txwm xav ua tus neeg noj qab nyob zoo thiab zoo nkauj. Nickel yog ib qho ntawm cov kab tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nickel feem ntau accumulates hauv lub ntsws, ob lub raum thiab daim siab. Accumulations ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv tib neegpom muaj nyob rau hauv cov plaub hau, thyroid thiab pancreas. Thiab qhov ntawd tsis yog tag nrho. Cov hlau ua dab tsi hauv lub cev? Ntawm no peb muaj kev nyab xeeb hais tias nws yog ib tug Swiss, reaper, thiab ib tug neeg uas ua ntawv nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab. Namely:
- sim pab oxygenate hlwb, tsis ua tiav;
- oxidation-txo ua haujlwm hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kuj poob rau ntawm lub xub pwg nyom ntawm npib tsib xee;
- tsis yig los koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub cev;
- kev nyab xeeb oxidizes vitamin C;
- nws tuaj yeem sau tseg nws txoj kev koom tes hauv cov metabolism hauv cov rog;
- npib tsib xee zoo cuam tshuam rau ntshav tsim.
Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nickel hauv cell. Cov kab no tiv thaiv cov cell membrane thiab nucleic acids, uas yog lawv tsim.
Txawm tias daim ntawv teev npe nickel tsim nyog ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus. Los ntawm cov saum toj no, peb nco ntsoov tias lub cev xav tau nickel. Cov kab no nkag mus rau peb lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj. Feem ntau muaj cov nickel txaus hauv lub cev, vim nws xav tau tsawg heev. Lub tswb nrov ntawm qhov tsis muaj peb cov hlau yog qhov pom ntawm dermatitis. Ntawm no yog tus nqi ntawm npib tsib xee hauv tib neeg lub cev.
Nickel alloys
Muaj ntau ntau yam nickel alloys. Cia peb nco txog peb pawg tseem ceeb.
thawj pab pawg suav nrog nickel thiab tooj liab alloys. Lawv hu ua nickel-tooj liab alloys. Nyob rau hauv dab tsi proportions no ob lub ntsiab yog fused, qhov tshwm sim yog amazing thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, tsis muaj surprises. Homogeneous alloy guaranteed. Yog hais tias nws muaj tooj liab ntau dua nickel, ces cov khoom muaj ntau pronouncedtooj liab, thiab yog tias npib tsib xee predominates, lub alloy qhia cov cim nickel.
Nickel-tooj liab alloys yog nrov hauv kev tsim cov npib, tshuab qhov chaw. Cov alloy Constantine, uas yog yuav luag 60% tooj liab thiab tus so npib tsib xee, yog siv los tsim cov cuab yeej precision dua.
Xav txog ib qho alloy nrog nickel thiab chromium. Nichromes. Resistant corrosion, acids, kub resistant. Cov alloys no yog siv rau lub dav hlau tshuab, nuclear reactors, tab sis tsuas yog tias lawv muaj txog li 80% npib tsib xee.
Cia peb mus rau pawg thib peb ntawm cov alloys. Cov no yog cov hlau alloys. Lawv muab faib ua 4 yam.
- Kub resistant - resistant rau kub kub. Cov hlau no muaj yuav luag 50% npib tsib xee. Ntawm no kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua nrog molybdenum, titanium, aluminium.
- Magnetic - nce magnetic permeability, feem ntau siv hauv hluav taws xob engineering.
- Anti-corrosion - cov hlau no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj, nrog rau thaum ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig hnyav. Cov hlau muaj molybdenum.
- Ib qho hlau uas khaws nws qhov loj thiab elasticity. Thermocouple hauv qhov cub. Qhov no yog qhov uas alloy tuaj. Thaum rhuab, qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntev yog khaws cia, thiab elasticity tsis ploj. Ntau npaum li cas nickel xav tau los ua ib qho alloy nrog cov khoom zoo li no? Cov hlau hauv cov hlau yuav tsum yog kwv yees li 40%.
Nickel hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Yog koj saib ib ncig, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias cov nickel alloys nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg txhua qhov chaw. Cia peb pib nrog rooj tog. Lub alloy tiv thaiv lub hauv paus ntawm cov rooj tog los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, kev puas tsuaj. Cia peb saib cov khoom siv. Txawm yog nyob rau ntawm qhov rais, txawm nyob rau rooj tog. Nws ua tauNtev ntev thiab zoo nkauj heev. Cia peb taug kev mus rau chav dej. Tsis muaj nickel ntawm no. Da dej hau, faucet, faucet - tag nrho cov npib tsib xee-plated. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, koj tuaj yeem hnov qab qhov corrosion yog dab tsi. Thiab nws tsis txaj muag los saib cov khoom, vim nws zoo li ntxim hlub thiab txhawb nqa lub décor. Nickel-plated qhov chaw muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Nickel tsis txhais tau tias yog hlau me. Ntau yam minerals thiab ores tuaj yeem khav theeb muaj cov nickel. Kuv zoo siab tias cov khoom no muaj nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb thiab txawm nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Ntawm no nws tsis yog lub suab nkauj kawg hauv cov txheej txheem hematopoietic thiab txawm tias hauv DNA. Dav siv nyob rau hauv tshuab. Nickel tau yeej nws txoj kev tswj hwm vim nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv kev tiv thaiv txheej.
Nickel yog hlau nrog lub neej yav tom ntej. Tseeb tiag, hauv qee qhov chaw nws yog qhov tseem ceeb.
