Kev kawm kev loj hlob yog ib txoj hauv kev los txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev kawm, uas qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus menyuam lub peev xwm. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov no yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov tub ntxhais kawm cov txuj ci ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev ywj pheej rau kev paub thiab, yog li ntawd, kev kawm zoo li kev ywj pheej, uas kuj tseem siv tau rau qhov muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig.
Kev txhim kho kev kawm yuav siv
nws keeb kwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia nto moo xws li Vygotsky, Rubinstein, Ushinsky, thiab lwm yam. Zankov thiab Davydova tau daws qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws. Cov kws qhia ntawv no tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv kawm uas tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov me nyuam txoj kev txawj ntse. Lawv cov kev siv tau zoo rau niaj hnub no los ntawm ntau tus kws qhia ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv tsev kawm theem qis. Txhua qhov kev kawm yog nyob ntawm "zone of proximal development", uas yog, cov peev txheej ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Txoj kev universal yog pedagogical yuav tsum tau.
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawdraws li kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm, lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov me nyuam txoj kev paub muab faib ua peb hom. Ib ntawm lawv yog ib yam uas cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj tswv yim txog. Qhov thib ob yog qhov kev paub uas menyuam yaus twb muaj lawm. Thiab qhov kawg yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Qhov no yog "zone of proximal development" uas Vygotsky tau hais txog. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov uas tus menyuam tuaj yeem ua tau thiab nws tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Kev txhim kho kev kawm hauv pedagogy pib siv los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws cov ntsiab cai tshwj xeeb yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Elkonin thiab Zankov. Lawv cov kev pabcuam tau tsim nrog ntau yam hauv siab.
Ua ntej, Zankov tau sau tseg tias kev kawm ntawm qib siab ntawm kev nyuaj ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus lub peev xwm thiab kev ywj pheej. Lub siab xav kov yeej cov teeb meem ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm lub hlwb muaj peev xwm.
Thib ob, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab rau cov khoom siv theoretical. Tus me nyuam tsis yog kawm xwb, tab sis pom cov qauv thiab kev sib txuas ntawm qee yam tshwm sim thiab cov txheej txheem. Kev rov ua dua tsis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Rov qab mus rau qhov qub yog ua tiav los ntawm prism ntawm kev kawm cov khoom tshiab.
Kev kawm kev loj hlob muab rau tus menyuam paub tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tau txais kev paub. Tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum nkag siab tias qhov twg yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj rau nws kom nco tau cov ntaub ntawv, qhov nws kawm tshiab, nws txoj kev xav hauv ntiaj teb hloov li cas, thiab lwm yam.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm kev loj hlob yog raws li tus kheej txoj hauv kev. Cov xib fwb categorically tsis sib piv thiab cais cov me nyuam.pom zoo. Txhua tus menyuam yaus yog ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb uas xav tau txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb.
Davydov thiab Elkonin hu rau qhov tseeb tias kev kawm yuav tsum ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Cov kev ua ub no hauv chav kawm yuav tsum ua raws li kev xav txog kev xav ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Kev paub yog muab los ntawm cov dav dav mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum siv txoj kev txiav tawm los qhia.
Yog li, lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev kawm yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev ua ub no nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov kev xav theoretical. Kev txawj ntse yuav tsum tsis txhob muab luam tawm, tab sis muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum. Tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv tseem ceeb heev hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia.
