Cov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau tsim tias lub xovtooj ntawm tes yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm yuav luag txhua yam kabmob uas muaj sia nyob, tshwj tsis yog cov kabmob, uas tsis yog cellular lub neej. Cytology kawm txog cov qauv, nrog rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell: ua pa, noj zaub mov, kev tsim tawm, kev loj hlob. Cov txheej txheem no yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv daim ntawv no.
Cell structure
Los ntawm kev siv lub teeb thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob, cov kws tshawb fawb biologists tau tsim tias cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu muaj cov khoom siv saum npoo av (supra-membrane thiab sub-membrane complexes), cytoplasm thiab organelles. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, glycocalyx nyob rau saum lub daim nyias nyias, uas muaj enzymes thiab muab khoom noj khoom haus rau lub cell sab nraum lub cytoplasm. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob prokaryotes (cov kab mob thiab cyanobacteria), nrog rau cov kab mob, cov phab ntsa ntawm tes yog tsim los ntawm cov cellulose, lignin lossis murein.
Lub nucleus yog ib qho tseem ceeb organelleeukaryotes. Nws muaj cov khoom qub - DNA, uas zoo li chromosomes. Cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob cyanobacteria muaj cov nucleoid uas ua haujlwm ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Txhua tus ntawm lawv ua cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem metabolic cellular.
Peb txhais li cas los ntawm cellular khoom noj khoom haus
Qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog thiab nws qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm qhov (raws li thawj txoj cai ntawm thermodynamics). Lub zog pom nyob rau hauv cov as-ham nyob rau hauv ib tug latent, piv txwv li, khi lub xeev, kis mus rau hauv ATP molecules. Rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog cell noj nyob rau hauv biology, muaj lus teb uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account cov nram qab no postulates:
- Lub xovtooj, ua qhov qhib biosystem, yuav tsum muaj lub zog tas li ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud.
- Cov tshuaj uas xav tau rau kev noj haus, lub cell tuaj yeem tau txais ob txoj hauv kev:
a) los ntawm qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab, hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke;
b) nws tus kheej ua ke cov proteins, carbohydrates thiab cov rog los ntawm carbon dioxide, ammonia, thiab lwm yam.
Yog li ntawd, txhua yam kab mob tau muab faib ua heterotrophic thiab autotrophic, cov yam ntxwv metabolic uas tau kawm los ntawm biochemistry.
Metabolism thiab zog
Cov tshuaj lom neeg nkag mus rau hauv lub xovtooj tau tawg, vim tias lub zog tawm hauv daim ntawv ATP lossis NADP-H2 molecules. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm assimilation thiab dissimilation tshwm sim yog cov metabolism. Hauv qab no peb yuav xav txog cov theem ntawm lub zog metabolism uas muab khoom noj rau heterotrophic hlwb. Thawj cov protein, carbohydrates thiab lipidsLawv tawg mus rau lawv cov monomers: amino acids, qabzib, glycerol thiab fatty acids. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm kev zom zaub mov tsis muaj oxygen, lawv raug kev puas tsuaj ntxiv (anaerobic digestion).
Ua li no, cov kab mob hauv lub cev tau noj: rickettsia, chlamydia thiab cov kab mob pathogenic, xws li clostridium. Unicellular poov xab fungi zom cov piam thaj rau ethyl cawv, cov kab mob lactic acid rau lactic acid. Yog li, glycolysis, cawv, butyric, lactic acid fermentation yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm tes vim kev zom zaub mov hauv heterotrophs.
Autotrophy thiab nta ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic
Rau cov kab mob nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog yog lub hnub. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb tau ntsib. Ib txhia ntawm lawv synthesize as-ham vim lub teeb lub zog, lawv hu ua phototrophs. Lwm tus - nrog kev pab los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, lawv hu ua chemotrophs. Hauv unicellular algae, khoom noj khoom haus ntawm tes, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no, yog nqa tawm photosynthetically.
Cov nroj tsuag ntsuab muaj chlorophyll, uas yog ib feem ntawm chloroplasts. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov uas ntes lub teeb quanta. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb thiab tsaus theem ntawm photosynthesis, enzymatic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim (lub Calvin voj voog), uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm tag nrho cov organic tshuaj siv rau kev noj haus ntawm carbon dioxide. Yog li ntawd, lub cell, uas yog nourishedvim yog siv lub teeb lub zog, hu ua autotrophic lossis phototrophic.
Cov kab mob ib leeg, hu ua chemosynthetics, siv lub zog tso tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los tsim cov tshuaj organic, piv txwv li, cov kab mob hlau oxidize ferrous compounds rau ferric hlau, thiab lub zog tso tawm mus rau synthesis ntawm qabzib. molecules.
Yog li, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yees duab ntes lub teeb lub zog thiab hloov mus rau hauv lub zog ntawm covalent bonds ntawm mono- thiab polysaccharides. Tom qab ntawd, raws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, lub zog raug xa mus rau lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob heterotrophic. Hauv lwm lo lus, ua tsaug rau photosynthesis, tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm biosphere muaj nyob. Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias lub xov tooj ntawm tes, cov khoom noj uas tshwm sim hauv txoj kev autotrophic, "noj" tsis yog nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj yog txhua yam nyob hauv ntiaj teb ntiaj teb.
Yuav ua li cas cov kab mob heterotrophic noj
Ib lub xovtooj uas nws cov khoom noj khoom haus nyob ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj organic los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud hu ua heterotrophic. Cov kab mob xws li fungi, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg, thiab cov kab mob parasitic zom cov carbohydrates, cov protein, thiab cov rog uas siv cov enzymes digestive.
Tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig monomers tau nqus los ntawm lub cell thiab siv los ntawm nws los tsim lawv cov organelles thiab lub neej. Dissolved as-ham nkag mus rau hauv lub cell los ntawm pinocytosis, thaum cov khoom noj khoom haus hais nkag mus rau hauv lub cell los ntawm phagocytosis. Cov kab mob heterotrophic tuaj yeem muab faib ua saprotrophs thiab cab. Cov qub (piv txwv li, cov kab mob hauv av, fungi, qee cov kab) pub rau cov organic teeb meem tuag, tom kawg (cov kab mob pathogenic, helminths, parasitic fungi) pub rau cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Mixotrophs, lawv faib hauv xwm
Cov khoom noj khoom haus sib xyaw hauv cov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj thiab yog ib hom kev hloov pauv (idioadaptation) rau ntau yam ib puag ncig. Lub ntsiab mob rau mixotrophy yog lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm ob organelles uas muaj chlorophyll rau photosynthesis, thiab ib tug system ntawm enzymes uas zom cov khoom npaj npaj los ntawm ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, tsiaj txhu unicellular Euglena ntsuab muaj chromatophores nrog chlorophyll hauv hyaloplasm.
Thaum lub pas dej nyob hauv euglena nyob zoo lit, nws txau zoo li cov nroj tsuag, piv txwv li autotrophically, los ntawm photosynthesis. Yog li ntawd, cov piam thaj yog synthesized los ntawm carbon dioxide, uas lub cell siv los ua zaub mov. Euglena noj heterotrophically thaum hmo ntuj, rhuav tshem cov organic teeb meem nrog kev pab los ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov vacuoles. Yog li, cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog cov khoom noj khoom haus mixotrophic ntawm tes los ua pov thawj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj.
Cell loj hlob thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog trophism
Kev nce ntawm qhov ntev, qhov loj, ntim ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob thiab nws cov kab mob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg yog hu ua kev loj hlob. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis tas yuav muab cov as-ham rau cov hlwb, uas yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Yuav kom tau txais cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas ib tug cell loj hlob, cov khoom noj ntawm uastshwm sim autotrophically, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia meej seb nws puas yog cov kab mob ywj pheej lossis seb nws puas yog ib feem ntawm cov tib neeg multicellular ua ib chav tsev. Hauv thawj kis, kev loj hlob yuav ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm interphase ntawm lub voj voog ntawm tes. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib pauv yas siv ntau qhov chaw hauv nws. Cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov kab mob heterotrophic muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom noj los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob multicellular tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua kom biosynthesis hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kev kawm, nrog rau qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv anabolic tshaj cov txheej txheem catabolism.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm oxygen hauv kev noj haus ntawm cov hlwb heterotrophic
Cov kab mob Aerobic: Qee cov kab mob, cov kab mob, cov tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg siv oxygen los ua kom cov as-ham zoo li qabzib rau hauv carbon dioxide thiab dej (Krebs voj voog). Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv matrix ntawm mitochondria uas muaj cov enzymatic system H + -ATP-ase, uas synthesizes ATP molecules los ntawm ADP. Hauv cov kab mob prokaryotic xws li cov kab mob aerobic thiab cyanobacteria, cov txheej txheem oxygen dissimilation tshwm sim ntawm plasma membrane ntawm cov hlwb.
khoom noj tshwj xeeb ntawm gametes
Hauv molecular biology thiab cytology, cell noj zaub mov tuaj yeem piav qhia luv luv raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov as-ham nkag mus rau nws, lawv sib cais thiab kev sib txuas ntawm qee feem ntawm lub zog hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP molecules. Lub trophism ntawm gametes: qe thiab spermatozoa muaj qee yam nta cuam tshuam nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb ntawm poj niam kab mob cell, uas yog yuam kom mus sau ib tug loj mov ntawm as-ham, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawmyolk.
Tom qab fertilization, nws yuav siv lawv los tsoo thiab tsim ib lub embryo. Spermatozoa nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm maturation (spermatogenesis) tau txais cov organic tshuaj los ntawm Sertoli hlwb nyob rau hauv lub seminiferous tubules. Yog li, ob hom gametes muaj qib siab ntawm cov metabolism, uas yog ua tau vim yog cov cellular trophism.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxhia
Cov txheej txheem metabolic tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev nkag mus ntawm cations thiab anions uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntsev ntxhia. Piv txwv li, magnesium ions yog tsim nyog rau photosynthesis, poov tshuaj thiab calcium ions yog tsim nyog rau lub lag luam ntawm mitochondrial enzyme systems, thiab muaj cov sodium ions, raws li zoo raws li carbonate anions, yog tsim nyog los tswj lub buffer zog ntawm hyaloplasm. Kev daws cov ntxhia ntsev nkag mus rau hauv lub cell los ntawm pinocytosis los yog diffusion los ntawm cell membrane. Mineral khoom noj khoom haus muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si autotrophic thiab heterotrophic hlwb.
suav nrog, peb ntseeg tau tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm tes yog qhov zoo heev, vim tias cov txheej txheem no ua rau tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev (carbohydrates, proteins thiab rog) los ntawm carbon dioxide hauv cov kab mob autotrophic. Heterotrophic hlwb pub rau cov organic tshuaj tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm autotrophs. Lawv siv lub zog uas tau txais rau kev yug me nyuam, kev loj hlob, kev txav mus los thiab lwm yam txheej txheem hauv lub neej.
