Computer technology tab tom txhim kho sai heev. Muaj cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab kev txhim kho uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj zuj zus ntxiv. Ib qho ntawm qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke loj heev. Nws yog dab tsi? Vim li cas nws thiaj muaj lub npe zoo li no? Peb paub tias VLSI sawv cev li cas, tab sis nws zoo li cas hauv kev xyaum? Lawv siv qhov twg?
keeb kwm kev tsim kho
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sixties, thawj semiconductor microcircuits tshwm sim. Txij thaum ntawd los, microelectronics tau los ntev los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yooj yim mus rau cov khoom siv digital nyuaj tshaj plaws. Niaj hnub nimno complex thiab multifunctional computers muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug semiconductor ib leeg siv lead ua, thaj tsam ntawm uas yog ib square centimeter.
Yuav tsum muaj lawv ib yamcais thiab paub qhov txawv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke loj heev (VLSI) yog lub npe vim tias yuav tsum tau xaiv lub microcircuit, nyob rau hauv uas cov degree ntawm kev koom ua ke tshaj 104 ntsiab lus ib nti. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lig seventies. Tsis pub dhau ob peb xyoos, nws tau pom tseeb tias qhov no yog qhov kev taw qhia dav dav rau microelectronics.
Yog li, qhov sib xyaw ua ke loj heev muaj npe vim tias nws yuav tsum tau faib txhua qhov kev ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no. Thaum pib, microelectronics tau tsim los ntawm kev sib dhos ua haujlwm thiab tau koom nrog kev siv cov haujlwm nyuaj los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau yam hauv ib yam.
Thiab yog dab tsi?
Thawj zaug, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev nce nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom tau ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem sib dhos. Cov theem tseem ceeb uas txhua yam khoom yuav tsum tau mus dhau yog kev tsim, kev siv thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom. Cov haujlwm, nrog rau qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom siv uas tau siv hauv kev xyaum, tsuas yog txwv los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv, lawv qhov kev ntseeg siab thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub cev.
Yog li yog lawv hais tias qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke loj heev hnyav tshaj 10 kg, nws yog qhov ua tau. Cov lus nug nkaus xwb yog qhov laj thawj ntawm kev siv xws li ib qho loj ntawm cov khoom.
Kev txhim kho
Kuv xav ua ib qho kev txiav txim me me ntxiv. Keeb kwm, integrated circuits tau nyiam los ntawm lawv qhov loj me thiab qhov hnyav. Txawm hais tias maj mam, nrog txoj kev loj hlob, muaj lub cib fim mus ze duakev tso kawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Thiab tsis yog xwb. Qhov no yuav tsum to taub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug compact qhov chaw, tab sis kuj raws li ib qho kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv ergonomic ntsuas, nce nyob rau hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab ib theem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm kev cia siab rau.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov khoom siv thiab lub zog ntsuas, uas ncaj qha nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov siv lead ua siv rau ib feem. Qhov no feem ntau nyob ntawm cov khoom siv. Thaum pib, germanium tau siv rau cov khoom lag luam semiconductor. Tab sis dhau sijhawm, nws tau hloov los ntawm silicon, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntxim nyiam dua.
Tam sim no siv dab tsi?
Yog li peb paub tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke loj heev muaj npe vim nws muaj ntau yam khoom. Dab tsi technologies yog tam sim no siv los tsim lawv? Feem ntau lawv tham txog thaj tsam submicron sib sib zog nqus, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev siv cov khoom siv hauv 0.25-0.5 microns, thiab nanoelectronics, qhov twg cov ntsiab lus raug ntsuas hauv nanometers. Ntxiv mus, thawj zaug maj mam dhau los ua keeb kwm, thiab hauv qhov thib ob ntau thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua. Nov yog cov npe luv luv ntawm kev tsim kho uas tau tsim:
- Ultra-loj silicon circuits. Lawv muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov loj me hauv thaj tsam submicron tob.
- High-speed heterojunction li thiab kev sib txuas ua ke. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, thiab ntau lwm cov tebchaw.
- Technology ntawm nanoscale li, ntawm uas nanolithography yuav tsum tau hais nyias.
Txawm hais tias qhov me me tau qhia ntawm no, tab sis tsis tas yuav yuam kev txog qhov twg yogqhov kawg ultra-loj integrated circuit. Nws tag nrho qhov ntev tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv centimeters, thiab hauv qee qhov tshwj xeeb txawm tias meters. Micrometers thiab nanometers tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus (xws li transistors), thiab lawv cov lej tuaj yeem yog ntau lab!
Txawm hais tias muaj tus lej no, nws yuav yog qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke loj heev uas hnyav ntau pua grams. Txawm hais tias nws yuav hnyav heev txawm tias tus neeg laus tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws tus kheej.
Lawv tsim li cas?
Cia peb xav txog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Yog li, txhawm rau tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ultra-ntshiab ib leeg-crystal, nrog rau cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis (xws li kua thiab roj), koj xav tau:
- Ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm huv huv hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm wafer thiab thauj.
- Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis thiab tsim cov cuab yeej siv, uas yuav muaj kev tswj hwm tus txheej txheem. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab qib qis ntawm kev sib kis. Txawm hais tias peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim.
Puas yog lus tso dag thaum lub ntsiab lus raug tsim, qhov luaj li cas yog xam hauv nanometers? Alas, nws yog ib qho ua tsis tau rau tus neeg ua haujlwm uas xav tau qhov tseeb zoo.
Yuav ua li cas txog cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tebchaws?
Vim li casPuas yog ultra-loj integrated circuit muaj zog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim tawm txawv teb chaws? Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 50s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, lub USSR coj qhov chaw thib ob nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm electronics. Tab sis tam sim no nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev los sib tw nrog cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los yeej tsis phem.
Yog li, hais txog kev tsim cov khoom siv tshawb fawb nyuaj, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg siab tias tam sim no Lavxias Federation muaj cov xwm txheej, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab muaj peev xwm tshawb fawb. Muaj ob peb lub lag luam thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Muaj tseeb tiag, tag nrho cov no muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub ntim me me.
Yog li, feem ntau nws yog qhov teeb meem thaum cov khoom siv high-tech "raws li" yog siv rau kev txhim kho, xws li VLSI nco, microprocessors thiab controllers uas tau tsim tawm txawv teb chaws. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua cov teeb liab thiab kev suav daws tau daws qhov programmatically.
Txawm tias nws yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias peb tuaj yeem tsuas yog yuav thiab sib sau cov cuab yeej los ntawm ntau yam khoom. Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv hauv tsev ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov tswj hwm, cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke ultra-loj thiab lwm yam kev txhim kho. Tab sis, alas, lawv tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb raws li lawv cov txiaj ntsig, uas ua rau lawv txoj kev lag luam nyuaj. Tab sis siv lawv hauv cov tshuab hauv tsev uas koj tsis xav tau ntau lub zog lossis koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev ntseeg tau zoo heev.
PLCs rau programmable logic
Nov yog ib hom kev cog lus sib cais ntawm kev txhim kho. Lawv tawm ntawm kev sib tw hauv cov cheeb tsam uas koj xav tau tsimCov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb tau ua haujlwm siab tsom rau kev siv kho vajtse. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib piv cov txheej txheem ua tiav tau daws thiab kev ua tau zoo nce kaum npaug (thaum piv nrog cov kev daws teeb meem software).
Qhov tseem ceeb, cov kev sib koom ua ke loj tshaj plaws no muaj ntau yam, hloov pauv tau ua haujlwm uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv los kho cov kev sib txuas ntawm lawv. Thiab nws yog tag nrho ntawm ib qho siv lead ua. Qhov tshwm sim yog lub voj voog tsim luv luv, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim khoom me me, thiab muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim.
Kev txhim kho ntawm programmable logic ultra-loj integrated circuits yuav siv sij hawm ntau lub hlis. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau teeb tsa hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws - thiab qhov no yog tag nrho ntawm tus nqi tsawg kawg nkaus. Muaj cov tuam txhab tsim khoom sib txawv, cov qauv tsim thiab cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom uas lawv tsim, uas ua rau kom muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav cov haujlwm.
Yuav faib li cas?
Usually siv rau qhov no:
- Logical peev xwm (degree ntawm kev koom ua ke).
- Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv sab hauv.
- Type of programmable item used.
- Function converter architecture.
- Presence/tsis muaj RAM hauv.
Txhua yam khoom tsim nyog saib xyuas. Tab sis alas, qhov loj ntawm kab lus yog txwv, yog li peb yuav txiav txim siab tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
yog dab tsilogical peev?
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev sib xyaw ua ke loj heev. Tus naj npawb ntawm transistors nyob rau hauv lawv tuaj yeem yog nyob rau hauv billions. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, lawv qhov loj me yog sib npaug rau ib feem ntawm lub micrometer. Tab sis vim yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov qauv, lub peev xwm muaj peev xwm ntsuas tau hauv cov rooj vag uas xav tau los siv lub cuab yeej.
txhawm rau xaiv lawv, cov ntsuas ntawm ntau pua txhiab thiab ntau lab units raug siv. Qhov siab dua qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm, qhov ntau dua qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov loj me tuaj yeem muab rau peb.
Hais txog cov hom phiaj ua raws
VLSI yog thawj zaug tsim rau lub tshuab thib tsib. Hauv lawv cov chaw tsim khoom, lawv tau coj los ntawm kev tsim qauv streaming thiab kev siv lub ntsej muag ntse tib neeg-tshuab interface, uas yuav tsis tsuas yog muab kev daws teeb meem rau cov teeb meem, tab sis kuj muab Masha nrog lub sijhawm los xav txog kev xav, kawm txog tus kheej thiab kos cov laj thawj. xaus.
Nws tau xav tias kev sib txuas lus yuav ua los ntawm cov lus ntuj uas siv daim ntawv hais lus. Zoo, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm qhov nws tau siv. Tab sis tseem, nws tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov teeb meem tag nrho-dawb tsim ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ultra-loj integrated circuits. Tab sis peb, tib neeg, tab tom mus tom ntej nrog kev ntseeg siab. VLSI tsim automation plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no.
Raws li tau hais dhau los, qhov no yuav tsum muaj ntau yam tib neeg thiab sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, kom txuag tau nyiaj, automation yog dav siv. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum nws yog tsim nyog los tsim kev sib txuas ntawm billionsCheebtsam, txawm tias ib pab neeg ntawm ntau kaum tus neeg yuav siv sijhawm ntau xyoo rau nws. Whereas automation tuaj yeem ua qhov no hauv ib teev, yog tias qhov tseeb algorithm raug tso.
Kev txo qis ntxiv zoo li teeb meem tam sim no, vim peb twb tau nce mus txog qhov txwv ntawm transistor thev naus laus zis. Twb tau, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws transistors tsuas yog ob peb kaum ntawm nanometers loj. Yog tias peb txo lawv los ntawm ntau pua zaus, ces peb tsuas yog khiav mus rau qhov ntev ntawm lub atom. Undoubtedly, qhov no yog qhov zoo, tab sis yuav ua li cas mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob? Ua li no, koj yuav tsum mus rau theem tshiab. Piv txwv li, los tsim quantum computers.
Zoo kawg
Ultra-loj-scale integrated circuits tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg thiab muaj peev xwm peb muaj. Tab sis tej zaum lawv yuav dhau los sai sai thiab qee yam txawv kiag li yuav los hloov lawv.
Tom qab tag nrho, alas, peb twb tau mus txog qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm, thiab tib neeg tsis tau siv los sawv ntsug. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo li tias ultra-loj integrated circuits yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav raug hloov los ntawm kev tsim ntau dua. Tab sis tam sim no, peb txhua tus siv VLSI ua qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim uas twb muaj lawm.
