Keeb kwm ntawm Russia yog feem ntau cov tub rog keeb kwm. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv tau tshwm sim hauv ntau tshaj kaum kev tsov rog. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lawv, lub ces tseem uas twb muaj lawm teb chaws Ottoman Russia tshwm sim yeej. Ib nplooj ntawv heroic tiag tiag hauv kev ua tub rog yav dhau los ntawm peb Leej Txiv yog kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub fortress ntawm Ochakov. Tsov rog ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv nyob rau hauv 1787-1791 ntxiv dag zog rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm Russians nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv dub thiab Crimean ceg av qab teb. Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub fortress yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev yeej ntawm kev tsov rog tag nrho.
Caus ntawm Russo-Turkish Tsov Rog ntawm 1787-1791
Qaib ntxhw nrhiav kev ua pauj rau Russia rau Thawj Tsov Rog Tsov Rog thiab xa rov qab thaj chaw poob rau Ottoman Empire. Thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog txuam nrog nws lub siab xav los tiv thaiv kev txhawb zog ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Transcaucasia thiab xa rov qab cov av ntawm Crimea. Raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Austria, Russia tau npaj kom nws cov khoom muaj nyob hauv Caucasus thiab tsim nws tus kheej hauv thaj av Northern Black Sea. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1787, tsoomfwv Turkish tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv kawg rau Russia, thov kom hloov chaw ntawm Crimea, lees paub ntawm Turkish Sultan ntawm Georgia raws li kev muaj peev xwm thiab kev tso cai rau.kev soj ntsuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub lag luam ships hla lub straits. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hom phiaj tseem yog txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau lub ntug dej hiav txwv Dub thiab Crimean Khanate. Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tsis kam ua raws li cov nqe lus ntawm lub ultimatum, thiab Qaib ntxhw tshaj tawm ua tsov ua rog.
Los ntawm pib kev ua phem, Qaib ntxhw ua txhaum cov lus cog tseg ntawm Kuchuk-Kaynardzhi. Lavxias teb sab Ambassador Yakov Bulgakov raug ntes los ntawm cov Turks, uas lawv kaw nyob rau hauv lub Xya-Tower Castle.
Kev ua tub rog tau tshwm sim hauv Crimea thiab North Caucasus. Kev ntes ntawm Ochakov fortress yog kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab Qaib Cov Txwv nyob rau hauv 1787-1792.
Military balance
Ekaterinoslav thiab Ukrainian tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tawm tsam Turkey, muaj zog ntawm 80 txhiab thiab 40 txhiab tus neeg, raws li. Turkish fortress Ochakov nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1788 tau tiv thaiv los ntawm garrison naj npawb ntawm 15 mus rau 20 txhiab tus tub rog. Lub fortress yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug rampart thiab ib tug moat thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm 350 cannons. Lavxias teb sab Dub hiav txwv Fleet kuj tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Ochakov vim qhov tseeb tias muaj txog 100 chav sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Turkish fleet.
Ntawm txoj kev mus rau Ochakovo
Kev ntes ntawm Ochakov fortress tau los ua lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab imperial tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm Dnieper-Bug Estuary los ntawm Turkish fleet thiab yeej ntawm Kinburn Spit. Lub fortress ntawm Ochakov nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm lub Turkish ib ncig ntawm lub hiav txwv dub nyob ze ntawm lub confluence ntawm tus kab laum. Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Ochakov pib ntawm hiav txwv.
Hais txog 50,000 tus tub rog ntawm Yekaterinoslav tub rog pib nce mus rau Ochakovo thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1788. Cov tub rog no yogG. A. Potemkin hais kom Ochakov. Tus thawj coj txiav txim siab nyob ntev ntawm lub fortress.
Siege ntawm Turkish fortress
Lub Xya hli ntuj 27, 1788, ib tug loj detachment ntawm Turks ua ib tug sortie tawm ntawm lub fortress. Lub formations ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm A. V. Suvorov nkag mus rau hauv ib tug nyuaj sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov yeeb ncuab. Kev txhawb zog tuaj rau kev pab ntawm Turkish detachment. Raws li kev suav ntawm A. V. Suvorov, thaum lub sij hawm ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los tawm tsam los ntawm ib sab ntawm qhib flank thiab yog li coj lub fortress. Txawm li cas los xij, G. A. Potemkin tsis tau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab, yog li lub sijhawm los ntes Turkish fortress Ochakov tau ploj lawm.
Tsawg tshaj li ib hlis tom qab, thaum Lub Yim Hli, cov Turks tau ua lwm yam hauv kev sim ua kom puas Lavxias lub roj teeb, txib los ntawm M. I. Golenitsev-Kutuzov. Los ntawm luv luv dashes thiab vaj tse nyob rau hauv kab thiab ditches, lub Turks mus txog rau cov ntsia phom, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav pib. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav, cov tub ceev xwm tau tswj hwm kom thawb lub Turkish Janissaries rov qab mus rau phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress. Lawv xav nkag Ochakov ntawm lawv tus kheej lub xub pwg nyom. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm ntawd M. I. Kutuzov raug mob hnyav. Cov mos txwv ntaus nws sab laug sab plhu thiab tawm mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau, thaum tus thawj coj tuav ib lub phuam dawb los muab cov tub rog ib qho teeb meem prearranged. Qhov no yog qhov mob hnyav thib ob ntawm Mikhail Illarionovich, uas nws yuav luag tuag.
Lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1788 tsis tau muaj yeej rau cov tub rog Lavxias, cov thawj coj thiab cov tub rog tau nyob rau hauv kev cia siab, uas tseem tsis tau muaj txiaj ntsig. Lub caij no, lub nroog cov phiaj xwm kev tiv thaiv twb tau yuav los ntawm Fab Kis cov kws tshaj lij. Tub huabtais Potemkin tseem tsis tau twv kom pib ua phem rau ntawm lub fortress. Nws raug nres los ntawm Turkish artillery, uas nyob rau ntawm lub me me kob ntawm Berezan sab qab teb ntawm Ochakov, nyob ze ntawm lub nkag mus rau lub estuary. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua phem yog los ntawm lub hiav txwv, tab sis artillery hluav taws mus txog Kinburn thiab ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua kom pib ua phem rau Ochakov. Rov ua dua, cov neeg tsav nkoj Lavxias tau sim ua "qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo no", txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress ceev faj ua raws li cov neeg Lavxias thiab tsa lub tswb nrov raws sijhawm, cov neeg tawm tsam tau tawm tsam nrog hluav taws.
Nyob sib cav sib ceg
Lub caij nplooj zeeg tau los txog, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Potemkin txuas ntxiv ua raws li cov tswv yim ntawm kev tos, cov tub rog tau nyob hauv cov trenches ntev ntev los nag thiab txias. Cov tub rog Lavxias raug kev txom nyem loj heev tsis yog vim kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis kuj yog vim muaj zaub mov tsis txaus, kab mob uas pib vim huab cua sov, thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis. Rumyantsev caustically hu ua lub rooj nyob rau hauv Ochakov ruam. Admiral Nassu-Siegen tau tshaj tawm cov kev xav hauv lub caij ntuj sov tias lub fortress tuaj yeem kov yeej lub Plaub Hlis.
Los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov mus txog lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1788, nyob ze ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa, nrog kev siv zog zoo kawg, cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Ochakov tuav rov qab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias raws li kev txib ntawm G. A. Potemkin. Lub garrison ntawm lub fortress raug mob hnyav, tab sis tsis tso tseg lawv txoj hauj lwm.
G. A. Potemkin tsis nrhiav kev sib koom tes nrog Cossacks, nco txog cov neeg ntxeev siab Pugachev, tab sis tsis muaj lwm txoj kev tawm. "Faithful Cossacks", yav tas los Cossacks tau nto moo rau lawv lub peev xwm los txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lawv txoj kev nyiam. Lub fortress Ochakov tsuas yog coj nrog lawv kev koom tes. Tab sis Cossacks tsis tuaj yeem ntevpib ua haujlwm. Qee tus ntawm lawv mus rau Gadzhibey (Odessa), rhuav tshem cov khoom siv thiab khoom noj khoom haus npaj rau Ochakov. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Potemkin G. A. tau txiav txim siab tias tam sim no cov neeg tiv thaiv sab laug ntawm lub fortress yuav tsis kav ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub garrison tsis tso tseg rau lub hli tom ntej. Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj thiab ntxhov siab thaum kawg tau txhawb tus thawj coj kom tawm tsam kev tawm tsam.
Cua daj ntawm Ochakov fortress
Rau rau lub hlis, cov tub rog Lavxias ua tsis tiav tau sim coj lub fortress Turkish, tom qab ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab ua raws li txoj kev npaj ntawm A. V. Suvorov thiab coj Ochakov los ntawm cua daj cua dub. Qhov pib ntawm txias thiab Frost cuam tshuam qhov kev tawm ntawm Turkish nkoj los ntawm Ochakov mus rau hiav txwv. Noj mus rau hauv tus account qhov teeb meem nyuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab rog, G. A. Potemkin txiav txim siab los pib lub capture ntawm lub Ochakov fortress. Hnub sib ntaus sib tua poob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1788.
Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov cim muaj zog thiab khov khov tsis tiv thaiv rau 6 kab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias los ntawm ib txhij ua kev tawm tsam ntawm Ochakov los ntawm ob sab - sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Earthen fortifications ntawm lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Gassan Pasha thiab Ochakov raug ntes los ntawm thawj Major General Palen. Tom qab ntawd, nws xa Colonel F. Meknob mus rau lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Gassan Pasha, thiab raws lub trench - Colonel Platov. Cov tub rog tau ua tiav lub trench, uas tso cai rau F. Meknob nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais, thiab yuav luag peb puas Turks nyob rau hauv nws nteg lawv caj npab. Lub hauv paus hauv av tau tawm tsam los ntawm ib sab thib peb, nws tus thawj coj, Major General Volkonsky, tuag, tom qab uas Colonel Yurgenets tau hais kom ua thiab mus txog ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress. Tub huabtais LieutenantDolgorukov nrog lub thib plaub kem nyob rau hauv lub Turkish fortifications thiab mus rau lub rooj vag ntawm lub fortress. Los ntawm lub ntiaj teb fortifications, lub thib tsib thiab thib rau kab mus txog lub Ochakov bastions. Pawg thib rau ntawm Lieutenant Colonel Zubin tau mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub fortress, rub rab phom hla dej khov. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov tub rog mus rau hauv lub bastions thiab lub rooj vag ntawm lub fortress Turkish. Nyob rau hauv lub npog ntawm qhov hnyav artillery hluav taws, cov grenaders overcamed lub impregnable phab ntsa thiab nkag mus rau lub fortress.
Tub rog poob ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv
Raws li ntau qhov chaw, kev tawm tsam ntshav, kev sib ntaus sib tua txuas ntxiv rau ib lossis ob teev. Ochakov raug ntes. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, kev poob ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias muaj txog li 5 txhiab tus neeg. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws yog lub sij hawm ntev siege ntawm Ochakov uas coj mus rau kev tuag ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. 180 Turkish banners thiab 310 phom los ua trophies. Kwv yees li 4,000 tus tub rog Turkish tau poob rau hauv kev poob cev qhev Lavxias. Cov keeb kwm ntseeg hais tias tus so ntawm Turkish garrison thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog raug puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm ua phem. Cov xov xwm ntawm kev ua phem rau Ochakov tuaj raws li kev poob siab rau Sultan Abdul-Hamid kuv, vim nws tuag ntawm lub plawv nres.
Poob Ochakov: lub ntsiab lus
Kev ntes ntawm Ochakov fortress tau qhib rau Russia nkag mus rau Danube thiab pab tsim kev tswj hwm ntawm Dnieper Estuary, qhov chaw ntiav ntiav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Ochakov tau txuas ntxiv mus rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws hauv 1791, thaum cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua tau kos npe rau Treaty of Jassy. Cov tub rog yeej tau muab txoj cai rau Russiatsim lawv tus kheej thiab coj lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm Dnieper estuary. Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Kherson thiab Crimea los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thaum kawg tau ua kom tiav.
khoom plig thiab qhuas rau cov yeej
Rau qhov kev yeej ntawm Ochakov, Empress Catherine thib ob tau tso cai rau G. A. Potemkin ib tus thawj coj tub ceev xwm lub batons adorned nrog laurels thiab pob zeb diamond. A. V. Suvorov tau nthuav tawm nrog pob zeb diamond plaub rau lub kaus mom muaj nqis 4,450 rubles. M. I. Kutuzov, uas kuj txawv ntawm nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog, tau muab tsub lub Orders ntawm St. Anna, 1st chav kawm ntawv, thiab St. Vladimir, 2nd chav kawm ntawv. Tus Empress tau muab khoom plig ntawm St. Vladimir thiab St. George ntawm plaub degree rau cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog uas qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm zoo thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ochakovo. Tus so tau txais cov ntawv cim kub uas tsim los hnav ntawm ribbon nyob rau hauv lub buttonhole nrog dub thiab daj kab txaij. Cov paib muaj cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog qhov sib npaug, lawv yog ib yam dab tsi ntawm cov khoom plig thiab kev txiav txim. Cov qib qis tau txais khoom plig nyiaj "Rau Ua Siab Loj" rau kev yeej ntawm Turkish fortress.
Xov xwm tseem ceeb ntawm 1788
Kev ntes ntawm Ochakov fortress tsis yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm Russia thiab Turkey xyoo 1787-1791. Ib xyoo dhau los, kev sib ntaus sib tua Kinburn tau tshwm sim. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1788 kuj tau yeej ntawm Khotyn thiab ntawm Fidonisi. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1789, cov tub rog Lavxias tau yeej ntawm Focsani thiab Rymnik, xyoo 1790 ntawm Kerch Strait. Ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias-Turkish tsov rog yog cua daj cua dub ntawm lwm lub fortress - Izmail - kuj nyob rau hauv 1790.xyoo. Kev sib ntaus sib tua zaum kawg hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm ob lub tebchaws loj yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kaliakria thaum Lub Xya Hli 31, 1791.
Austria kev koom tes hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1787-1791
Thaum lub sijhawm Lavxias-Turkish ua tsov rog xyoo 1788, Austro-Turkish tsov rog pib, uas yog vim muaj kev cog lus ntawm Austria thiab Russia xyoo 1781. Nrog rau kev nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, Austria raug kev txom nyem, thiab tsuas yog nrog thawj yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab imperial pab tub rog, cov tub rog Austrian muaj peev xwm tuav Bucharest, Belgrade thiab Craiova nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1789. Hauv Sistovo (Bulgaria) thaum Lub Yim Hli 1791, Austria thiab Qaib Cov Txwv tau kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb sib cais. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Prussia thiab Askiv, uas xav ua kom lub tebchaws Lavxias tsis muaj zog, Austria tau thim tawm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab xa rov qab yuav luag txhua thaj chaw nyob rau Turkey.
Txoj kev ua tsov rog
Qaib ntxhw tau swb dua nyob rau hauv tsov rog ntawm 1787-1791. Nws tsis muaj cov phooj ywg muaj zog uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab Austria. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qaib Cov Txwv tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab ua tub rog lub zog thiab muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua tom qab Tsov Rog Thawj Tsov Rog. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, Turks tsis ua raws li lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb thiab sim ua kom cov yeeb ncuab nrog cov lej, thiab tsis muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua tactics. Tsis muaj ib qho yeej ntawm hiav txwv lossis hauv av tau yeej thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog. Qaib ntxhw tsis tsuas yog poob thaj chaw xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yuav tsum them nyiaj rau Russia ntawm 7 lab rubles.
Nco txog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yeej
Lavxias tus kws sau paj huam G. R. Derzhavin nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev kov yeejOchakov sau ib tsab ntawv. Ib xyoos tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, AI Bukharsky tau mob siab rau nws txoj haujlwm rau Empress Catherine II "…Rau qhov kev ntes ntawm Ochakov".
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1972, hauv lub tsev qub qub Turkish mosque hauv Ochakovo, Tub Rog Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej muaj npe tom qab. A. V. Suvorov. Lub ntsiab attraction ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog lub diorama " Cua daj cua dub ntawm lub Ochakov fortress los ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv 1788", uas yog pleev xim rau los ntawm cov artist M. I. Samsonov nyob rau hauv 1971.
