Piv txwv ntawm ntsev: tshuaj lom neeg, tau txais

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Tsis yog ib qho txheej txheem hauv ntiaj teb no ua tau yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, uas, cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, tsim lub hauv paus rau cov xwm txheej zoo. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom hauv chemistry raug cais raws li cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm uas lawv ua. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog acids thiab bases. Thaum lawv sib cuam tshuam, cov ntsev yaj thiab insoluble yog tsim.

Piv txwv ntawm cov kua qaub, ntsev

Cov kua qaub yog ib yam khoom siv uas muaj ib lossis ntau dua hydrogen atoms thiab cov kua qaub nyob hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom sib txuas no yog lub peev xwm los hloov hydrogen nrog cov hlau lossis qee qhov zoo ion, uas ua rau tsim cov ntsev sib xws. Yuav luag txhua cov kua qaub, tshwj tsis yog qee qhov (H ₂ SiO ₃ - silicic acid), yog soluble hauv dej, thiab muaj zog, xws li HCl (hydrochloric), HNO₃ (nitrogen), H₂SO₄ (sulphuric), tag nrho decompose rau hauv ions. Thiab cov tsis muaj zog (piv txwv li, HNO₂ -nitrogenous, H₂SO₃ - sulfurous) - ib nrab. Lawv pH, uas txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm hydrogen ions hauv kev daws, yog tsawg dua 7.

Ntshav yog ib yam khoom nyuaj, feem ntau muaj cov hlau cation thiab anion ntawm cov kua qaub residue. Feem ntau nws yog tau los ntawm reacting acids thiab bases. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam no, cov dej tseem tso tawm. Cov ntsev ntsev tuaj yeem ua tau, piv txwv li, cations NH₄⁺. Lawv, zoo li cov kua qaub, tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej nrog ntau qib ntawm solubility.

Piv txwv ntawm ntsev hauv chemistry: CaCO ₃ - calcium carbonate, NaCl - sodium chloride, NH ₄Cl - ammonium chloride, K₂SO₄ - potassium sulfate thiab lwm yam.

Kev faib cov ntsev

Nyob ntawm seb qhov hloov pauv ntawm hydrogen cations, cov ntsev hauv qab no tau txawv:

1. Nruab Nrab - ntsev nyob rau hauv uas hydrogen cations hloov tag nrho los ntawm hlau cations los yog lwm yam ions. Xws li cov piv txwv ntawm ntsev hauv chemistry tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws - KCl, K₃PO₄.
2. Acidic - cov tshuaj uas hydrogen cations tsis tas hloov los ntawm lwm cov ions. Piv txwv li yog sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO ₃₎ thiab potassium hydrogen orthophosphate (K₂HPO₄).
3. Basic - ntsev nyob rau hauv uas acid residues tsis tas hloov los ntawm ib pawg hydroxo nrog ntau tshaj ntawm lub hauv paus lossis tsis muaj kua qaub. Cov tshuaj no suav nrog MgOHCl.
4. Complex ntsev: Na[Al(OH)₄],K₂[Zn(OH)₄].

Nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cations thiab anions tam sim no hauv cov ntsev, lawv txawv:

1. Yooj Yim - ntsev uas muaj ib hom cation thiab anion. Piv txwv ntsev: NaCl, K₂CO₃, Mg(NO3)₂.
2. Double - ntsev uas muaj ob peb hom ions zoo. Cov no suav nrog txhuas-potassium sulfate.
3. Mixed - ntsev uas muaj ob hom anions. Piv txwv ntawm ntsev: Ca(OCl)Cl.

Nkauj ntsev

Cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm kev ua haujlwm alkali nrog cov kua qaub, ua rau dej: LiOH + HCl=LiCl + H₂O.

Thaum acidic thiab oxides yooj yim cuam tshuam, ntsev kuj tsim: CaO + SO₃=CaSO_4.

Lawv kuj tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hlau uas sawv ua ntej hydrogen hauv electrochemical series ntawm voltages. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no yog nrog cov roj evolution: H₂SO₄ + Li=Li₂ SO₄ + H_2.

Thaum cov hauv paus (acids) cuam tshuam nrog acidic (basic) oxides, cov ntsev sib raug zoo yog tsim: 2KOH + SO₂=K₂ SO ₃ + H₂O; 2HCl + CaO=CaCl₂ + H₂O.

Basic reactions of s alts

Thaum ntsev thiab kua qaub sib cuam tshuam, lwm cov ntsev thiab cov kua qaub tshiab tau txais (qhov xwm txheej rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no yog cov nag lossis roj yuav tsum raug tso tawm raws li qhov tshwm sim): HCl + AgNO ₃=HNO₃ + AgCl.

Thaum ob lub ntsev sib txawv sib txawv, lawv tau txais: CaCl₂ + Na₂CO_3=CaCO3 _{+ 2NaCl.}

Qee cov ntsev uas tsis zoo soluble hauv dej muaj peev xwm decompose rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum rhuab: CaCO₃=CaO + CO_2.

Qee cov ntsev tuaj yeem ua rau hydrolysis: thim rov qab (yog tias nws yog ntsev ntawm lub hauv paus muaj zog thiab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog (CaCO ₃) lossis cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog (CuCl ₂)) thiab irreversibly (ntsev ntawm ib tug qaug zog acid thiab ib tug qaug zog puag (Ag₂S)). Cov ntsev ntawm cov hauv paus muaj zog thiab muaj zog acids (KCl) tsis hydrolyze.

Lawv tuaj yeem sib cais rau hauv ions: ib nrab lossis tag nrho, nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg.