Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub tuaj yeem ua rau lom. Thiab feem ntau cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom muaj zog tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv cov khoom yooj yim. Lawv yeej ib txwm nyob ze ntawm ib tug neeg, thiab nws tsis txawm xav txog lawv.
Methanol
Ib qho tshuaj lom txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau tib neeg yog hu ua methanol. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog cawv cawv. Thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ib qho los ntawm kev saj thiab tsw. Caw cawv yog qee zaum ua los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tuag hu ua methanol. Thiab kom nthuav tawm qhov tseeb no tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm kev ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj tsim nyog. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tus neeg uas haus cov dej haus no yuav dig muag.
Mercury
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa thiab tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. Tab sis yog tias koj ncuav cov tshuaj no hauv tsev, qhov no yog txaus rau kev lom. Tsis muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai hu ua mercury, nws yog nws cov vapors uas txaus ntshai. Lawv cais twb nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntsuas kub, tib lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm cov teeb fluorescent. Vim li no, yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb nrog lawv.
nab venom
Tam sim no muaj txog 2500 hom nab hauv ntiaj teb, thiab tsuas yog 250 ntawm lawv muaj tshuaj lom nrog cov npe ntse. Cov tsiaj reptiles nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog cobras, vipers, rattlesnakes thiab xuab zeb elves. Lawv cov tshuaj lom yog txaus ntshai rau tib neeg yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob raug tso tawm hauv xyoo 1895. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv universal - txhua hom nab muaj nws tus kheej.
Potassium cyanide
Cov tshuaj lom neeg tuag sai tshaj plaws yog hu ua potassium cyanide. Nws tau siv txij thaum ancient sij hawm, thiab yog tus nto moo tshaj plaws "neeg soj xyuas" txoj kev tshuaj lom. Nws yog nws uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj duab los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm txawj ntse - nyob ntawd nws yog nthuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ampoules los yog ntsiav tshuaj. Nws muaj qhov tsw ntawm iab almonds. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias txawm tias nqus tau yooj yim, kov cov tshuaj lom no.
Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab, khoom lag luam, luam yeeb. Nws yog siv thaum muab kub los ntawm ore. Nws cov nyhuv tuag yog ua tau vim yog kev khi ntawm cov hlau hauv cov ntshav, yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv oxygen rau lub cev tseem ceeb tau nres. Nws yog noteworthy tias lawv sim, tab sis ua tsis tau tejyam rau tshuaj lom Grigory Rasputin nrog cov tshuaj no. Qhov khoom yog tias nws tau ntxiv rau cov khoom qab zib, thiab qabzib yog tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tshuaj lom no.
Mushrooms
Tshuaj lom kuj muaj nyob rau hauv nceb, qhov no yog hom tshuaj lom neeg nkag tau yooj yim tshaj plaws. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov nceb cuav, daj ntseg grebes, stitches, ya agarics. Feem ntau, lom nrog ib tug daj ntseg toadstool tshwm sim vim hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm no fungus. Thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lawv zoo ib yam li cov edible sawv daws yuav. Ib tug nceb yog txaustua ntau tus neeg ib zaug.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lub teb chaws German tau kawm ua noj yoov agarics li no kom lawv poob lawv cov tshuaj lom. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li kev ua noj yuav siv sijhawm tsawg kawg ib hnub. Yog tias hnub tas sij hawm raug ua txhaum, cov tais diav no rov ua rau tib neeg txaus ntshai.
qos yaj ywm thiab qhob cij
Rau cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov qos yaj ywm thiab qhob cij yam nyab xeeb. Yog tias cov qos yaj ywm khaws cia tsis raug, solanine accumulates hauv lawv. Nws ua rau lom mus txog qhov ua rau tuag taus. Lub khob cij yuav muaj tshuaj lom yog tias ua los ntawm cov hmoov nplej uas muaj cov kab mob ergot.
tshuaj lom neeg nto moo
Nkauj koob tsheej yexus yug yog ib tug uas nto moo tshaj plaws yog kev kho mob. Nws yog cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm, tsim nyob rau hauv South America. Nws sai ua rau tuag tes tuag taw ntawm cov kab mob ua pa. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau siv los tua tsiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pib. Nws nrov heev nrog cov neeg Khab.
Hauv qeb ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj lom, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog arsenic. Qhov no yog cov tshuaj lom "muaj koob muaj npe", uas tau siv txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Muaj cov neeg paub txog kev siv nws txawm nyob hauv Caligula. Nws tshem tawm cov neeg sib tw hauv kev nom kev tswv, nws nyiam kom paub hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Cov tshuaj phem hauv keeb kwm
Cov neeg siv tshuaj lom nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Borgia dynasty. Lawv tau ua nws ib daim duab kos duab. Ib qho kev caw mus rau ib lub tsiab peb caug los ntawm lawv ua rau ib tug neeg shudder. Cov insidious tshaj plaws yog Pope Alexander IV Borgia thiab nwscov me nyuam - Cesare thiab Lucrezia. Lawv txiav lawv cov mis thiab lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom tsawg - cantarella. Piv txwv li, muaj pes tsawg leeg suav nrog arsenic, phosphorus thiab tooj liab ntsev.
Tseem ceeb heev yog leej txiv ntawm tsev neeg nws tus kheej tuag tom qab haus ib khob tshuaj lom yuam kev, uas yog npaj rau lwm tus.
Hais txog cov tshuaj lom muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb
Nws tsis tuaj yeem teb raws nraim lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom no txhais tau tias yog cov khoom txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Muaj zog heev co toxins ntawm botulism, tetanus. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev npaj hauv tsev tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm botulism.
Natural Poisons
Batrachotoxin suav tias yog tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog tshaj plaws. Nws yog cov khoom no uas ua rau daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug me me, tab sis xws li ib tug txaus ntshai dart qav. Nws nyob hauv Colombia. Ib qho amphibian no muaj cov tshuaj txaus ntshai uas nws tuaj yeem tua ntau tus ntxhw.
Radioactive tshuaj lom
Cov tshuaj lom hluav taws xob txaus ntshai heev. Qhov paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog polonium, uas ua haujlwm qeeb, tab sis ib gram txaus tua 1,500,000 tus neeg.
Polonium tau pom hauv uranium ore. Thaum nws nyob sab nraum tib neeg lub cev, nws tsis yog ib yam khoom txaus ntshai. Nws tsis nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum nws nyob hauv lub cev, polonium tam sim ntawd ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau hauv nruab nrog cev. Kev tuag hauv qhov no yog kev zam.
tshuaj lom neeg
Cov tshuaj lom nrog lub npe ntawm pawg tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Ib qho tshuaj lom uas muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg no yogacrolein. Nws tau siv ntau zaus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 ua riam phom tshuaj.
Soman yog ib qho tshuaj tua rog uas tsw zoo li txiv apples. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib feeb tom qab swb, lawv pib nthuav cov menyuam kawm ntawv, ua pa nyuaj. Nws pib siv xyoo 1944.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg paub tom ntej yog hu ua carbon disulfide. Nws tsw zoo txaus thiab ua zoo li tshuaj. Ib tug neeg raug tshuaj lom los ntawm nws tsis nco qab, convulsions thiab mob taub hau pib, ntuav thiab ua tsis taus pa yog ua tau.
Lub npe scientific rau tshuaj lom tshuaj lom nrog ammonia tsw yog trimethylamine. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv me me, nws irritates lub qhov muag, lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov pa hauv nruab nrog cev, nws lub ntsiab nyhuv yog suffocating.
Chlorine yog cov roj uas yooj yim tshaj plaws uas muaj xim hlau. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam sector, nws kuj tau siv los ntawm German pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Thawj Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog. Nws ua rau lub ntsws kub hnyiab.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm nab venom
Lub npe scientific rau nab venom yog serpentotoxin. Cov tshuaj no feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov protein uas coagulate ntshav thiab zom cov proteins. Hiav txwv nab tsim tshuaj lom nrog neurotoxins - lawv ua rau lub paj hlwb tuag tes tuag taw. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no ua rau cov nqaij mos necrosis sai, chim siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab txo qis kev xaiv plawv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias cov tshuaj nab kuab tsis tau kawm tiav. Tab sis, ua tiav lawv, ib tug neeg kawm siv cov tshuaj no hauv tshuaj. Yog, cobra venomsiv los kho qhov mob. Viper venom yog siv los tshem tawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntshav txhaws rau 3 lub lis piam. Yog vim li cas thiaj ntseeg tias muaj ib hnub nab venom yuav kho mob thrombosis.
Kev faib cov tshuaj lom
Kev cais cais ntawm cov tshuaj lom yog siv, thiab nws tau ua rau ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv forensics, ntshav tshuaj lom yog cais - lawv hloov cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntshav, ua ke ua ke thiab rhuav tshem cov ntshav liab. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog arsenic hydrogen, Bertolet ntsev, carbon monoxide, tshuaj lom fungi.
Ntxiv rau, lawv tso cov tshuaj lom uas hloov cov hemoglobin. Kev tuag yog ua tiav vim qhov tseeb tias oxygen tsis ntws los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no yog li cas, piv txwv li, carbon monoxide, ntsev ntawm nitric acid ua.
Cov tshuaj lom puas tsuaj yog ib pawg cais. Lawv provoke necrosis thiab dystrophy. Feem ntau, lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam rau hauv lub cev. Cov pawg no suav nrog arsenic, lead, phosphorus.
Tseem muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm, raws li lub npe qhia, lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam yog qhia feem ntau ntawm tib neeg lub paj hlwb. Excite lub hauv paus paj hlwb strychnine, phenamine. Thaum nws raug tsim txom los ntawm morphine, codeine, ethyl, methyl cawv. Cyanide compounds ua rau lub paj hlwb tuag tes tuag taw.
Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb
Cov hlau uas muaj tshuaj lom tshaj plaws yog arsenic. Nws yog lawv cov uas impregnated nrog tshuaj tua kab.
Pope Clement VII tuag nyob rau hauv 1534 ntawm toadstool lom.
Abraham Lincoln niam tuag,thaum nws haus ib tug nyuj uas noj ib tug tshuaj lom, ib tug wrinkled vine. Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev tuag no yog qhov tshwm sim rau ntau txhiab tus neeg nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag no zoo ib yam li nettles, thiab tib neeg feem ntau tsis meej pem lawv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qee cov tsiaj muaj rhiab heev rau cov pa phem. Vim li no, lawv tau ua tus ntsuas rau cov neeg ntawm qhov muaj cov tshuaj lom hauv huab cua. Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, nws yog miv rau cov Germans, thiab budgerigars rau cov neeg Askiv.
Cyanide tau siv rau hauv cov pa roj. Qhov no siv rau kev tua neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab kev rhuav tshem cov neeg Yudais los ntawm Nazis. Cov neeg muaj sia nyob piav txog nws cov ntxhiab tsw li "iab almonds". Thaum cyanide nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, nws ua rau nws tsis yooj yim rau cov ntshav mus. Tam sim no, kev tua los ntawm txoj kev no raug txwv vim kev ua tsis ncaj ncees.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yog ib qho ntawm cov paj hlwb txaus ntshai tshaj plaws - VX - yog thawj zaug muab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab "Amiton". Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb puas pom tias cov tshuaj no txaus ntshai npaum li cas rau tib neeg. Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog txias, nws yog ib qho riam phom spare.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm Dow Chemical thiab Monsanto tau siv dav hauv Nyab Laj Tsov Rog. Lawv rhuav tshem tej ntoo uas npog rau cov yeeb ncuab. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li ib yam khoom uas provokes kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Vim muaj kev siv ntau yam xws li kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv Nyab Laj, ntau tus poj niam yug me nyuam tuag lossis nrog kev sib txawv - nrog rau cov ntiv tes ntxiv, tsis muaj qhov sib cais ntawm lub cev, nrog rau kev puas hlwb. Thiab cov khoom no tseem tsis tauevaporated, nws tseem nyob rau Nyab Laj.
Lead kuj suav tias yog tshuaj lom. Nws tau siv thaum ntxov li 8,000 xyoo dhau los, tab sis tib neeg tau paub txog nws qhov kev phom sij tsis ntev dhau los. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos dhau los, ib tug neeg tau kawm tias cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam rau cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev, ua rau muaj tshuaj lom. Qhov kawg cuam tshuam ntawm kev raug txhuas yog kev puas siab puas ntsws, raws plab.
History of Poisons
Thawj qhov hais txog kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj lom yog ib daim ntawv uas tau kos hauv Rome hauv 331 BC. Dheev muaj ib tug series ntawm kev tuag ntawm noble patricians. Thaum pib, ib qho kev sib kis tau nthuav tawm, tab sis qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm ib tus qhev taw qhia txog kev ua txhaum ntawm Cornelia thiab Sergius, cov patricians. Lawv muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg Senate tias lawv yog tshuaj, lawv noj tshuaj thiab tuag.
Thaum muaj kev sib cav sib ceg hauv Rome thaum ub, kev tua tus kheej los ntawm kev lom neeg muaj ntau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws raug tso cai los muab cov tub ceev xwm muaj laj thawj zoo thiab tau txais tshuaj lom decoction. Nws yog noteworthy tias nws yog ces hais tias cov kev lig kev cai ntawm clinking tsom iav tshwm - thaum lub sij hawm xws li ib tug ritual, cov cawv los ntawm iav splashed tawm thiab mus rau cov neeg nyob ze. Yog li ntawd, tus txiv neej ua pov thawj tias tsis muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv goblets.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau uas tau nqis los rau peb txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, kev xav txog qhov nyuaj npaum li cas kom paub txog tshuaj lom feem ntau tshwm sim. Kev lom zem ntau pua xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho kev sib cais - cov tshuaj lom tau kawm kom tshem tawm iab los ntawm kev ntxiv qab zib, ib qho tsis kaj siab tsw tau hloov los ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab. Cov tshuaj lom tau tov nrog cov tshuaj npaj rau cov neeg mob. Txoj kev cawm seej los ntawm qhov kev nplawm no nyuaj heev.
