Cov lus ntsev yog sodium chloride siv los ua zaub mov ntxiv, khoom noj khoom haus. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, tshuaj. Nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov dej qab zib caustic, hydrochloric acid, dej qab zib thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Cov mis nyuj ntsev - NaCl.
Tsim cov ionic bond ntawm sodium thiab chlorine
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm sodium chloride qhia txog cov qauv tsim nyog NaCl, uas muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm sodium thiab chlorine atoms. Tab sis cov khoom yog tsim tsis yog los ntawm diatomic molecules, tab sis muaj cov muaju. Thaum cov hlau alkali cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau tsis muaj zog, txhua tus sodium atom pub ib lub valence electron rau cov tshuaj electronegative chlorine. Muaj sodium cations Na+ thiab anions ntawm acid residue ntawm hydrochloric acid Cl-. Cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb yog nyiam, tsim cov khoom nrog ionic siv lead ua lattice. Cov sodium cations me me nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov chloride anions loj. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom zoo hauvCov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm sodium chloride yog sib npaug rau tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tsis zoo, cov tshuaj tag nrho yog nruab nrab.
Tshuaj formula. Rooj ntsev thiab halite
Cov ntsev yog cov tshuaj ionic complex uas nws cov npe pib nrog lub npe ntawm cov kua qaub. Cov mis rau lub rooj ntsev yog NaCl. Geologists hu ib tug ntxhia ntawm no muaj pes tsawg leeg "halite", thiab sedimentary pob zeb yog hu ua "pob zeb ntsev". Ib lo lus uas siv tsis tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam yog "sodium chloride". Cov tshuaj no tau paub rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub, nws tau raug suav hais tias yog "dawb kub". Cov menyuam kawm ntawv niaj hnub thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv, thaum nyeem qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj sodium chloride, hu rau cov cim tshuaj ("sodium chloride").
Cia peb ua cov lej yooj yim siv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom:
1) Mr (NaCl)=Ar (Na) + Ar (Cl)=22.99 + 35.45=58.44.
Tus txheeb ze molecular hnyav yog 58.44 (hauv amu).
2) Cov molar loj yog tus lej sib npaug rau qhov hnyav molecular, tab sis tus nqi no muaj units ntawm g / mol: M (NaCl)=58.44 g / mol.
3) Ib 100 g qauv ntsev muaj 60.663 g ntawm chlorine atoms thiab 39.337 g ntawm sodium atoms.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm lub rooj ntsev
Cov pob zeb tawg ntawm halite - tsis muaj xim lossis dawb. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, tseem muaj cov pob zeb ntsev, pleev xim rau hauv grey, daj lossis xiav. Qee lub sij hawm cov khoom ntxhia muaj xim liab, uas yog vim yog hom thiab cov khoom tsis huv. Lub hardness ntawm halite ntawm Mohs nplai tsuas yog 2-2.5, lub iav tawm ib kab ntawm nws qhov chaw.
Lwm lub cev tsis muaj sodium chloride:
- smell - absent;
- tseem - s alty;
- ntom - 2, 165 g / cm3 (20 ° C);
- melting point - 801 ° C;
- boiling point - 1413 °C;
- solubility hauv dej - 359 g / l (25 ° C);
Tau txais sodium chloride hauv chav kuaj
Thaum nws yog xim hlau sodium reacts nrog gaseous chlorine nyob rau hauv ib lub raj kuaj, ib tug dawb tshuaj yog tsim - sodium chloride NaCl (hom ntsev ntsev).
Chemistry muab ib lub tswv yim sib txawv kom tau tib lub compound. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
Neutralization reaction: NaOH (aq.) + HCl=NaCl + H2O.
Redox tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hlau thiab kua qaub:
2Na + 2HCl=2NaCl + H2.
Acid action on metal oxide: Na2O + 2HCl (aq.)=2NaCl + H2O
Kev tshem tawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev daws nws cov ntsev los ntawm ib qho muaj zog:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl (aq.)=2NaCl + H2 O + CO2 (gas).
Rau kev lag luam, txhua txoj hauv kev no kim dhau thiab nyuaj.
Tshuaj ntsev
Txawm thaum kaj ntug ntawm kev vam meej, tib neeg paub tias tom qab ntsev, nqaij thiab ntses kav ntev dua. Pob tshab, tsis tu ncua-zoo li tus halite crystals tau siv nyob rau hauv qee lub tebchaws thaum ub tsis siv nyiaj thiab tsim nyog lawv qhov hnyav hauv kub. Nrhiav thiab txhim kho ntawm halite depositstso cai kom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem thiab kev lag luam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ntuj ntsev:
- tso nyiaj ntawm cov ntxhia halite hauv ntau lub tebchaws;
- dej hiav txwv, dej hiav txwv thiab ntsev pas dej;
- khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm pob zeb ntsev ntawm ntug dej ntawm cov dej qab ntsev;
- halite crystals ntawm phab ntsa ntawm volcanic craters;
- ntsev marshes.
Kev lag luam siv plaub txoj hauv kev los tsim cov ntsev:
- leaching ntawm halite los ntawm cov txheej hauv av, evaporation ntawm qhov tshwm sim brine;
- ntsev mines;
- evaporation ntawm dej hiav txwv los yog brine los ntawm cov pas dej ntsev (77% ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov seem qhuav yog sodium chloride);
- siv cov khoom los ntawm desalination.
tshuaj muaj zog ntawm sodium chloride
Nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, NaCl yog ib qho nruab nrab ntsev tsim los ntawm alkali thiab soluble acid. Sodium chloride yog ib qho muaj zog electrolyte. Lub attraction ntawm ions muaj zog heev uas tsuas yog cov polar solvents heev tuaj yeem rhuav tshem nws. Nyob rau hauv dej, ionic crystal lattice ntawm ib yam khoom disintegrates, cations thiab anions raug tso tawm (Na+, Cl-). Lawv lub xub ntiag yog vim cov hluav taws xob conductivity, uas muaj cov tshuaj ntsev ntau. Cov mis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog sau nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li rau qhuav qhuav - NaCl. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau sodium cation yog xim daj ntawm cov nplaim taws. Rau qhov kev tshwm simkoj yuav tsum hu xov tooj me ntsis ntsev ntawm lub voj voog huv thiab ntxiv rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov nplaim taws. Cov khoom ntawm lub rooj ntsev kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm anion, uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov tshuaj chloride ion. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog nyiaj nitrate hauv kev daws, ib qho dawb precipitate ntawm silver chloride precipitates (duab). Hydrogen chloride raug tshem tawm los ntawm ntsev los ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj zog dua li hydrochloric: 2NaCl + H2SO4=Na2SO4 + 2HCl. Raws li ib txwm muaj, sodium chloride tsis raug hydrolysis.
Teb daim ntawv thov pob zeb ntsev
Sodium chloride txo qis cov dej khov ntawm cov dej khov, yog li ntsev thiab xuab zeb siv rau ntawm txoj kev thiab kev taug kev thaum lub caij ntuj no. Nws absorbs ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm impurities, thaum thawing pollutes dej thiab ntws. Txoj kev ntsev kuj tseem ua kom cov txheej txheem corrosion ntawm lub tsheb lub cev thiab ua rau cov ntoo cog ntawm ib sab ntawm txoj kev puas tsuaj. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, sodium chloride yog siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau ntau pawg tshuaj:
- hydrochloric acid;
- hlau sodium;
- chlorine gas;
- caustic soda thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub rooj ntsev yog siv los tsim cov xab npum thiab dyes. Raws li cov zaub mov antiseptic, nws yog siv hauv cov kaus poom, pickling nceb, ntses thiab zaub. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov thyroid kab mob nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem, lub rooj ntsev mis yog enriched los ntawm kev ntxiv iodine compounds, piv txwv li, KIO3, KI, NaI. Cov tshuaj no txhawb kev tsim cov thyroid hormones, tiv thaiv kab mobendemic goiter.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sodium chloride rau tib neeg lub cev
Cov mis ntawm cov ntsev ntsev, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Sodium ions koom nrog hauv kev sib kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses. Chlorine anions yog tsim nyog rau zus tau tej cov hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv lub plab. Tab sis ntsev ntau dhau hauv cov zaub mov tuaj yeem ua rau ntshav siab thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim kab mob plawv thiab vascular. Hauv cov tshuaj, nrog kev poob ntshav loj, cov neeg mob tau txhaj tshuaj physiological saline. Yuav kom tau nws, 9 g ntawm sodium chloride yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib liter ntawm distilled dej. Tib neeg lub cev xav tau cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom no nrog zaub mov. Ntsev yog excreted los ntawm excretory lub cev thiab daim tawv nqaij. Cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm sodium chloride hauv tib neeg lub cev yog kwv yees li 200 g. Cov neeg European noj li 2-6 g ntawm cov ntsev hauv ib hnub, hauv cov teb chaws kub, daim duab no siab dua vim hws ntau dua.
