Peb ntau tus hauv peb lub neej tau ntsib tej yam uas txaus ntshai thiab muaj kuab lom, thiab ib txhia kuj tseem yuav tuag vim cov pa taws los ntawm lawv. Qhov no yuav yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv qee lub lag luam. Tab sis txhawm rau tiv thaiv koj tus kheej thiab koj tsev neeg kom tsis txhob muaj kev phom sij, koj yuav tsum paub meej tias yam tshuaj twg uas muaj kev phom sij los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab yuav tiv thaiv koj tus kheej ntawm lawv li cas.
AHOV: is it?
Kev kub ntxhov chemically hazardous substance (AHOV) yog cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai tshaj plaws uas siv hauv kev lag luam lossis kev ua liaj ua teb, thaum tso tawm rau saum huab cua lossis hauv av, kev kis kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim, thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau txhua tus. Cov kab mob muaj sia pib cuam tshuam.
OHV yog ib qho khoom sib xyaw uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj rau lub cev, ua rau nws swb lossis txawm tuag.
Hnub no, cov tshuaj txaus ntshai tau tsim tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb hauv ntau qhov ntau, hauv thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation, cov neeg cawm siav feem ntau ntsib cov sib xyaw ua ke. AHOV tuaj yeem ua tau sib txawvxeev.
Properties of AHOV
Cov khoom phom sij muaj ntau yam khoom siv: qhov ntom ntom, toxicity, solubility, volatility, viscosity, tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov ntsiab lus kub.
Density yog qhov loj ntawm cov khoom hauv ib chav tsev ntim. Qhov ntsuas no muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev sib kis ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv huab cua thiab hauv av. Yog hais tias cov khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj los yog vapor, ces lawv hnyav dua huab cua, lawv cov concentration ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo yuav siab tshaj plaws thiab txo nrog qhov siab. Cov kua dej uas muaj qhov ntom ntom ntau dua li cov dej, tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub reservoir, yog nyob rau hauv qab.
Solubility yog lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm AHOV, nws txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm tsim cov kev daws teeb meem nrog lwm cov khoom. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab heev nyob rau hauv dej, lawv muaj peev xwm kis tau cov dej hauv lub cev muaj zog heev uas lawv yuav tsis haum tsis tsuas yog siv los ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, tab sis kuj rau kev siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem kis tau rau hauv av, thiab mus rau qhov tob txaus.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom phom sij no ua kom lawv kis tau sai sai thoob plaws txhua lub cev sab hauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Txhawm rau tshem tawm tag nrho cov khoom phom sij los ntawm lub cev dej, cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj degassing yuav tsum tau siv, thiab txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm cov dej tsis zoo ntawm cov dej, cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau siv.
Volatility yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub xeev vapor. Cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis muaj zog heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias muaj peev xwm degasib txwm. Tab sis volatility ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb dab tsi yog qhov kub kub ntawm atmospheric siab thiab vapor concentration.
Viscosity yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom hauv cov kua los tiv thaiv kev txav ntawm qee qhov ntawm cov kua txheeb ze rau lwm tus. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nqus ntawm cov khoom rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov qauv ntxeem tau nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas no.
Kev faib tawm ntawm HOB
Kev faib cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ua tsaug rau yav tom ntej koj tuaj yeem teb sai sai thiab muab kev pab rau txhua tus neeg uas tau poob rau hauv thaj chaw muaj kab mob. Cov khoom phom sij raws li qib ntawm tib neeg raug tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub chav kawm:
- txaus ntshai heev;
- phom sij;
- txaus ntshai;
- kev pheej hmoo tsawg.
Tab sis hais txog lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txhua yam khoom txaus ntshai yog ntau yam. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev puas tsuaj loj, cov cim ntawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim feem ntau yog siv, uas tshwm sim nrog rau kev mob hnyav ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tom qab ntawm qhov no, cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij tuaj yeem yog ib qho ntawm cov pab pawg no:
- ua pa nyuaj (chlorine, phosgene thiab lwm yam);
- tshuaj lom neeg (carbon monoxide);
- suffocating thiab dav toxic (nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide);
- suffocating thiab neurotropic (ammonia);
- tshuaj lom uas cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv lub cev (ethylene oxide).
yam ntxwv
yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj phem los ntawm lub cevtxhais los ntawm cov pab pawg no:
- cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov khoom khov thiab xoob, volatile, uas twb evaporate ntawm qhov kub ntawm plaub caug degrees (granosan, mercuran);
- tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv khov thiab friable, tsis-volatile, uas yuav khaws cia nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob (sublimate, phosphorus, arsenic);
- volatile nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ua kua, cia yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub siab - pawg no ntawm cov khoom txaus ntshai tau muab faib ua ob pawg: A - ammonia, carbon monoxide thiab B - chlorine, methyl bromide thiab lwm yam;
- volatile hauv cov kua dej, qhov chaw cia rau hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb yam tsis muaj siab; suav nrog nitro thiab amino compounds, hydrogen cyanide, nicotine;
- acids uas ncu, suav nrog hydrochloric, nitric thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj phem yuav tsum khaws cia rau qhov twg thiab hauv dab tsi?
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv tsis txhob tso cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog lawv, thiab nco ntsoov khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb thiab chav.
AHOV muaj ntau ntawm cov lag luam uas tsim lossis siv lawv. Hauv cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua thawj zaug, nruab nrab, los ntawm cov khoom lossis cov khoom siv zaum kawg. Lawv cov khoom lag luam tau muab tso rau hauv cov chaw cia khoom tshwj xeeb (txog 80%), lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov khoom siv, tsheb, xws li cov kav dej, lub tank, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj phem tshaj plaws yog liquefied ammonia thiab chlorine. Qee lub tuam txhab khaws cov khoom siv phom sij ntau txhiab tons, thiab tib tus nqi yog thauj los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau lossispipelines.
Txhua yam khoom phom sij raws li txoj kev sib xyaw tuaj yeem muab faib ua:
- non-combustible;
- flammable;
- tuaj yeem hlawv nrog kev pub noj tas li ntawm tus txheej txheem no;
- flammable;
- hlawv txawm tias tom qab qhov hluav taws kub tau raug tshem tawm.
THOV AHOV tuaj yeem suav nrog cov tshuaj uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj tsuas yog thaum muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Types of AHOV
Tam sim no, daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj phem tsis tau tsim, tab sis muaj cov npe me me ntawm cov tshuaj uas feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam thiab yog tias lawv tsis khaws cia rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo, tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Niaj hnub no, 9 yam tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig, feem ntau ntawm lawv - chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm AHOV rau ib tus neeg
Kev sib tsoo tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem ua rau tso cov khoom phom sij thiab tshuaj lom neeg rau hauv huab cua thiab hauv dej. Txhua yam khoom siv phom sij tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev thiab muaj qhov sib txawv:
- Irritating effect. Yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, pob khaus thiab liab tuaj yeem tshwm sim, cov tshuaj xws li: phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen oxides.
- Cautery effect. Thaum muaj xwm txheej kub ntxhov tshuaj lom neeg (AHOV), yog tias lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws thiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj. Ntawm cov tshuaj no yog ammonia thiab hydrochloric acid.
- Effectua tsis taus pa. Yog tias muaj cov ntsiab lus loj ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv huab cua, tom qab ntawd qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim yuav yog asphyxiation, uas tom qab ntawd ua rau tuag, cov tshuaj xws li phosgene thiab chloropicrin.
- Cov teebmeem tshuaj lom neeg. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev, ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj, ntawm cov khoom xws li: arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene oxide, hydrocyanic acid.
- Drug influence. Cov tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau hom no, nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, pib maj mam ua kom puas tsuaj, ib tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem tso tus cwj pwm uas tau txais los ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev ntsuas, ces thaum kawg nws tuaj yeem xaus tsis zoo.
Yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej nrog tso cov tshuaj phem ntawm koj tus kheej thiab nws puas tuaj yeem ua tau?
Keeb tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Tus neeg nws tus kheej tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tso tshuaj rau nws tus kheej. Muaj ntau cov cim qhia uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog, kom muaj tseeb:
- qhov pom ntawm huab uas maj mam loj hlob thiab muaj qhov txawv txav;
- tsis tsw qab ntxiag, nrog rau cov uas ua rau hnov tsw;
- kev tsis nco qab ntawm tib neeg thiab kev ua tsis zoo;
- panic;
- nrawm nrawm ntawm ntoo thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag, tsiaj thiab noog tuag.
Txoj cai tiv thaiv
Tag nrho cov cim saum toj no ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog kev tso tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yuav tsum ua rau tib neeg tsis tsuas yog qhia txog qhov tshwm simkev puas tsuaj, tab sis kuj yuav tsum ntsuas kev tiv thaiv ntawm lawv tus kheej:
- Nco ntsoov siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv sai sai, suav nrog lub npog ntsej muag roj;
- nqis mus rau hauv vaj tse lossis nkaum hauv tsev, kaw qhov rais thiab qhov rooj;
- kaw tag nrho cov kab nrib pleb hauv tsev kom nruj nrog daim ntaub tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov khoom txaus ntshai;
- tua txhua yam khoom siv cua sov, vim qee yam khoom zoo li ignite spontaneously;
- cov kab mob ua pa yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem siv cov phuam da dej ua ntej moistened nrog dej qab zib.
Dangerous Enterprises
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij tshwm sim feem ntau tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub tuam txhab uas nws siv hauv kev tsim khoom lossis, hloov pauv, tsim tawm. Cov lag luam no suav nrog:
- tshuaj, roj refining, petrochemical thiab lwm lub koom haum ua haujlwm tib yam;
- kev lag luam hauv thaj chaw uas cov tub yees tau teeb tsa, thiab lawv siv ammonia ua cov tub yees;
- kho cog siv tshuaj chlorine.
Txhua lub tuam txhab muaj kev phom sij xa mus rau qhov chaw tsim tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij (CHS) qhov chaw khaws cov khoom phom sij, ua tiav, thauj lossis siv. Ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam no, cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij thaum muaj xwm ceev, yog tias khaws cia tsis raug, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj xwm txheej ceev. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb thiab paub meej tias yog dab tsicoj yog hais tias muaj ib tug dheev los ntawm ib tug teeb meem tshuaj.
Kev tiv thaiv pej xeem los ntawm tshuaj lom neeg
Tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv phom sij ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj heev tsis yog rau ib puag ncig, tab sis kuj rau tib neeg, yog li, hauv qhov no, kev tiv thaiv tshuaj yuav tsum tau coj los pab tshem tawm lossis txo qhov cuam tshuam rau cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm. kev lag luam, thiab txo qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Txhua yam haujlwm cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej, thiab tsis yog lub sijhawm thaum muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim lawm. Nrog rau txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab txaus ntshai thiab cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw nyob ze, lawv tau siv cov kev ntsuas uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj phem:
- tsim thiab tom qab siv cov tshuab uas tswj cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij;
- ceeb toom cov tshuab raug teeb tsa;
- npaj tau los daws cov teeb meem tshuaj lom neeg;
- yuav khoom kom txaus thiab khaws cia hauv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tag nrho;
- cov chaw tshwj xeeb raug khaws cia hauv kev npaj, qhov chaw tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom txaus ntshai tsis nkag mus. Yuav tsum saib xyuas lawv qhov kev npaj tau txais tib neeg thaum muaj xwm txheej;
- tag nrho cov kev ntsuas raug coj los tiv thaiv zaub mov, khoom noj khoom haus, dej;
- Kev Npaj ntawm RChS rog kom tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev raug mob tshuaj lom neeg tau lees paub.
Yog tias tam sim no muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim, thiab muaj cov neeg raug tsim txom, qhov no txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab txaus ntshai yuav tsum tuaj yeem pab thawj zaug.
Thawj pab rau AHOV tshuaj lom
Ua kom muaj txiaj ntsigKev pab cuam rau kev puas tsuaj rau AHOV tsuas yog ua tau yog tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev puas tsuaj tam sim ntawd paub. Kev txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm tus neeg raug tsim txom lub cev raug tshuaj lom yuav pab tau sai sai thiab muab kev pab thawj zaug, uas feem ntau yog ua raws li kev ntsuas:
- txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm rau lub cev (tso lub npog ntsej muag lossis cov ntaub qhwv paj rwb, mus dhau qhov chaw cuam tshuam);
- tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm daim tawv nqaij sai li sai tau;
- kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom yog tias ua tau;
- tshem tawm cov cim qhia ntawm kev swb;
- tiv thaiv cov teeb meem thiab kev kho tsim nyog.
Zoo kawg
Raws li nws tau pom meej los ntawm tsab xov xwm, muaj ntau yam khoom txaus ntshai hauv ntiaj teb thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj lawv, tab sis tsuas yog kev ceev faj thiab kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb yuav pab kom tsis txhob muaj xwm txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no ua tsis tau, ces qhov no, kev cawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu txoj sia tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm kev teb ceev thiab siv tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv uas twb muaj lawm.
