Structure, muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem

Cov txheej txheem:

Structure, muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem
Structure, muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem
Anonim

Ib qho ecosystem yog ib qho kab mob lom neeg uas muaj cov kab mob muaj sia nyob, lawv qhov chaw nyob, nrog rau cov kab ke sib txuas uas sib pauv zog ntawm lawv. Tam sim no, lo lus no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ecology.

Kev tsim kho

Ecosystem thaj chaw tau kawm tsis ntev los no. Cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv ntawm ob lub ntsiab hauv nws - biotic thiab abiotic. Thawj yog muab faib ua heterotrophic (xws li cov kab mob uas tau txais lub zog los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov organic teeb meem - cov neeg siv khoom thiab decomposers) thiab autotrophic (cov kab mob tau txais lub zog tseem ceeb rau photosynthesis thiab chemosynthesis, i.e. producers).

ecosystem khoom
ecosystem khoom

Qhov tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog tsim nyog rau kev muaj sia nyob ntawm tag nrho cov ecosystem yog cov neeg tsim khoom uas nqus lub zog ntawm lub hnub, tshav kub thiab tshuaj lom neeg sib txuas. Yog li ntawd, autotrophs yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm thawj theem trophic ntawm tag nrho cov ecosystem. Qhov thib ob, thib peb thiab qib plaub yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv kaw nrog cov decomposers uas muaj peev xwm hloov cov organic teeb meem tsis muaj sia mus rau hauv cov tshuaj abiotic.

Ecosystem khoom, luv luv txoguas koj tuaj yeem nyeem hauv kab lus no, qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntuj tsim thiab rov ua dua tshiab.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ecosystem

Cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm lub ecosystem yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ecology cuam tshuam nrog. Nws yog kev cai los qhia txog cov ntsuas no:

- huab cua tswj hwm, qhov kub thiab txias, nrog rau cov av noo thiab teeb pom kev zoo;

- cov tshuaj organic uas khi cov tshuaj abiotic thiab biotic Cheebtsam hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom;

- inorganic compounds suav nrog hauv lub zog voj voog;

- cov neeg tsim khoom yog cov kab mob uas tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb;

- phagotrophs - heterotrophs uas pub rau lwm yam kab mob lossis cov khoom loj ntawm cov organic;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov organic teeb meem tuag, mineralizing nws thiab rov qab mus rau lub voj voog.

qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem
qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm peb yam khoom kawg ua rau biomass ntawm ecosystem.

Lub ecosystem, cov khoom thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv ecology, functions ua tsaug rau cov blocks ntawm kab mob:

  1. Saprophages - pub rau cov organic teeb meem tuag.
  2. Biophages - noj lwm yam kab mob.

Ecosystem sustainability thiab biodiversity

Ecosystem khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ntau hom tsiaj uas nyob hauv nws. Qhov ntau dua qhov biodiversity thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, qhov zoo dua ntawm cov ecosystem.

Biodiversity tseem ceeb heev vim nws ua tautsim kom muaj ntau lub zej zog sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv, qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm, thiab muab lub sijhawm tiag tiag rau lawv txoj kev tsim. Yog li ntawd, qhov siab dua ntawm biodiversity, cov zej zog muaj peev xwm nyob tau ntau dua, thiab ntau cov tshuaj biogeochemical tuaj yeem tshwm sim, thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm biosphere.

ecosystem khoom luv luv
ecosystem khoom luv luv

Puas yog cov lus txiav txim hauv qab no hais txog cov khoom ntawm lub ecosystem puas yog? Lub tswv yim no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ncaj ncees, kev ruaj ntseg, kev tswj tus kheej thiab tus kheej rov tsim dua tshiab. Ntau qhov kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam tau muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Ecosystem productivity

Thaum kawm txog kev tsim khoom, cov ntsiab lus xws li biomass thiab cov qoob loo sawv ntsug tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Lub sij hawm thib ob txhais tau hais tias qhov loj ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob nyob rau ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm dej los yog av. Tab sis biomass kuj yog qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, tab sis hais txog lub zog lossis cov organic qhuav.

Biomass suav nrog tag nrho lub cev (xws li cov ntaub so ntswg tuag hauv tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag.) Biomass yuav necromass tsuas yog thaum tag nrho cov kab mob tuag.

ecosystem khoom thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub koom haum
ecosystem khoom thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub koom haum

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub zej zog yog tsim cov biomass los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom, yam tsis muaj kev zam, ntawm lub zog uas siv tau rau kev ua pa hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm.

Txhais qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam thawj zaug. Qhov txawv ntawm lawv yog tus nqi ua pa.

Cov khoom tsim tau zoo ntawm ib lub zej zog yog tus nqi ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom organic uasTsis txhob haus heterotrophs, thiab yog li ntawd, decomposers. Nws yog txoj cai los xam rau ib xyoos lossis lub caij loj hlob.

Qhov kev tsim khoom thib ob ntawm lub zej zog yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Cov neeg siv khoom ntau dua hauv ecosystem, lub zog ntau dua yog ua tiav.

Kev Tswj Tus Kheej

Ecosystem thaj chaw kuj suav nrog kev tswj tus kheej, kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm lawv. Thaum tus naj npawb ntawm ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tsawg tsawg, cov tsiaj nyeg txav mus rau lwm hom tsiaj uas tau siv los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv.

muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem
muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem

Long chains tuaj yeem cuam tshuam, yog li tsim kom muaj ntau yam khoom noj sib raug zoo nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus neeg raug tsim txom lossis cov qoob loo. Nyob rau lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws, cov tsiaj tuaj yeem rov qab los - yog li, kev sib raug zoo hauv biogenocenosis yog normalized.

Kev tsis zoo ntawm tib neeg kev cuam tshuam hauv ecosystem tuaj yeem muaj qhov tsis zoo. Kaum ob khub ntawm luav coj mus rau Australia hauv plaub caug xyoo tau ua rau ntau pua lab tus tib neeg. Qhov no tshwm sim vim tsis muaj pes tsawg tus tsiaj txhu uas pub rau lawv. Yog li ntawd, cov tsiaj nyeg ua kom puas tsuaj tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntawm thaj av loj.

Biosphere

Lub biosphere yog ib qho ecosystem ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws, sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov ecosystems rau hauv ib qho tag nrho thiab muab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb.

ecosystem khoom
ecosystem khoom

Cov khoom ntawm biosphere raws li kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb ecosystemkev kawm ecology. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob raws li tag nrho cov txheej txheem.

Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm biosphere suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

- Lub hydrosphere yog lub plhaub dej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog mobile thiab nkag mus rau txhua qhov chaw. Dej yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas yog ib lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej rau txhua yam kab mob.

- Cov huab cua yog lub plhaub cua tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ciam teb rau sab nraud. Ua tsaug rau nws, muaj kev sib pauv ntawm lub zog nrog rau qhov chaw sab nrauv;

- Lub lithosphere yog lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb, muaj cov pob zeb tsis zoo thiab cov pob zeb sedimentary.

- Pedosphere - txheej txheej sab saud ntawm lithosphere, suav nrog cov av thiab txheej txheem ntawm av tsim. Nws ciam teb rau tag nrho cov plhaub yav dhau los, thiab kaw txhua lub voj voog ntawm lub zog thiab teeb meem hauv biosphere.

Lub biosphere tsis yog lub kaw lus kaw, vim nws yuav luag tag nrho los ntawm lub hnub ci zog.

Artificial ecosystems

Cov ecosystems cuav yog cov tshuab tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no suav nrog agrocenoses thiab natural economic systems.

Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub ecosystem tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej txawv me ntsis ntawm qhov tiag. Nws kuj muaj cov neeg tsim khoom, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov decomposers. Tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov rov faib cov teeb meem thiab lub zog ntws.

Cov khoom siv dag zog sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

  1. Ntau hom tsawg dua thiab pom meej meej ntawm ib lossis ntau dua ntawm lawv.
  2. Kev ruaj ntseg me ntsis thiab muaj zog dependence rau txhua hom zog (xws lineeg).
  3. Cov khoom noj luv luv vim muaj ntau hom tsiaj tsawg.
  4. Tsis raug kaw ntawm cov tshuaj vim kev tshem tawm cov khoom hauv zej zog lossis cov qoob loo los ntawm tus txiv neej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ecosystems ntuj, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, suav nrog ntau npaum li qhov ua tau hauv lub voj voog.

Cov khoom ntawm ib qho ecosystem tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tsim khoom tsis zoo rau cov khoom ntuj tsim. Yog tias koj tsis txhawb lub zog ntws, tom qab lub sijhawm qee cov txheej txheem ntuj yuav rov qab los.

Zoo ecosystem

Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm hav zoov ecosystem txawv ntawm lwm cov ecosystems. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig no, nag lossis daus ntau dua li ntawm thaj teb, tab sis feem ntau nws yeej tsis ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb thiab evaporates ncaj qha los ntawm nplooj.

qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem
qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ecosystem

Lub hav zoov deciduous ecosystem yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau pua hom tsiaj thiab ntau txhiab hom tsiaj.

Nroj tsuag loj hlob hauv hav zoov yog qhov sib tw tiag tiag thiab sib ntaus rau hnub ci. Qhov qis dua, ntau hom ntxoov ntxoo-tiv taus nyob ntawd.

Cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb yog hares, nas thiab noog thiab cov tsiaj txhu loj. Tag nrho cov as-ham uas muaj nyob rau hauv nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov dhau mus rau hauv cov ceg thiab cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg.

Tseem cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb suav nrog kab kab thiab kab kab. Txhua qib zaub mov yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau hom. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab herbivorous yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lawv yog cov pollinators thiab ua cov khoom noj rau qib tom ntej hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus.

Ntsuab ecosystem

Txoj kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau lub neej ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub pas dej. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov dej sov so zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj cov pa oxygen ntau tshaj. Thiab nws nyob ntawm no uas muaj ntau cov nroj tsuag, kab thiab tsiaj me nyob.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov zaub mov hauv dej tshiab yog qhov nyuaj heev. Cov nroj tsuag siab dua noj cov ntses herbivorous, mollusks thiab kab larvae. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov rau crustaceans, ntses thiab amphibians. Predatory ntses pub rau cov tsiaj me. Mammals kuj nrhiav zaub mov ntawm no.

Tab sis cov seem ntawm cov organic teeb meem poob rau hauv qab ntawm lub reservoir. Lawv tsim cov kab mob uas tau noj los ntawm protozoa thiab lim clams.

Pom zoo: