Tej zaum, ntau tus neeg taug kev niaj hnub no tsawg kawg ib zaug hauv lawv lub neej xav txog qhov siab ntawm Sayan Roob. Vim li cas qhov no yuav txaus siab? Raws li txoj cai, muaj ntau qhov kev piav qhia ib zaug, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog kev xav paub zoo tib yam thiab muaj lub siab xav mus xyuas tag nrho cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws, yog tias tsis yog lub ntiaj teb tag nrho, ces peb lub teb chaws tsawg kawg.
Zaj lus no yog los qhia txog tej thaj chaw zoo kawg nkaus ntawm peb lub tebchaws xws li roob Sayan. Tus neeg nyeem yuav kawm paub ntau yam ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm peb, los ntawm txoj cai, lub teb chaws loj heev.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Lub Sayan Roob, cov duab uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev qhia rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation, muaj ob lub roob sib cuam tshuam nyob rau sab qab teb Siberia hauv thaj av Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republics of Tyva, Khakassia thiab Buryatia, nrog rau sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Mongolia ciam teb nrog cov koom pheej ntawm Tuva thiab Buryatia.
roob yog thaj chaw faib rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj Sayan, txhua qhov sib txawvib tug xov tooj ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv nta.
Piv txwv li, sab hnub poob tau nce qib thiab taw qhia ridges yam tsis muaj glaciation, nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv. Rau sab hnub tuaj, nruab nrab lub roob siab nrog glaciers yog ib txwm.
Lub Roob Sayan muaj ntau tus dej ntws los ntawm Yenisei phiab.
Cov nqes hav yog npog nrog roob taiga, tig mus rau hauv roob siab tundra. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub roob muaj ntau lub phiab ntawm ntau yam duab thiab qhov tob. Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Minusinsk Basin, uas muaj ntau qhov chaw archaeological. Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov siab ntawm qhov siab ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sayan Toj siab txawv ntawm qhov taw qhia zoo ib yam ntawm thaj tsam sab hnub poob.
lub npe tuaj qhov twg
Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias cov chaw no tau txais lawv lub npe rau kev hwm ntawm pawg neeg hais lus Turkic ntawm tib lub npe, uas nyob hauv Siberia, nyob rau sab saud ntawm Yenisei thiab Oka.
Tom qab ntawd, cov Sayans tau koom nrog lwm pab pawg neeg roob thiab tau los ua ib feem ntawm cov neeg hauv tebchaws Tuva. Cov pab pawg neeg nws tus kheej tau koom nrog Samoyedic pab pawg, thiab nws cov neeg sawv cev hu ua roob "Kogmen", thaum Buryats muab lawv lub npe nyuaj rau pob ntseg ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub no - "Sardyk".
Lavxias teb sab Cossacks Tyumenets thiab Petrov, uas tau mus xyuas xyoo 1615 hauv kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Altyn-Khan, qhia txog pawg neeg no hauv lawv phau ntawv keeb kwm. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg mus ncig tebchaws, lub roob twb tau teev nyob rau hauv lub npe Sayan, lub siab tshaj plaws point ntawm uas, raws li nws tau tsim tom qab, yog 3491 m.
Txoj kev kawm
Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tauNco ntsoov tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm geological, cov no yog cov roob hluas, uas, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tau tshwm sim txog 400 lab xyoo dhau los.
Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb thaum ub, suav nrog cov keeb kwm volcanic. Ua ntej tsim lub roob, muaj dej hiav txwv ntawm no, raws li pov thawj los ntawm cov seem ntawm fossilized algae pom.
Kev tsim lub roob nyem tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nyab xeeb. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm glaciation thaum ub, lub roob tau npog nrog glaciers, uas, txav, hloov lub ntiaj teb saum npoo, tsim peaks thiab gorges nrog txoj kab nqes. Tom qab ua kom sov, cov glaciers tau yaj, sau ntau lub phiab thiab txo cov kev nyem - pas dej ntawm cov dej khov tuaj tshwm.
thaj chaw
Ntau tus ntseeg tias qhov siab ntawm Sayan Roob tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab yog li tsis tsim nyog saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Cia peb saib seb qhov no puas yog qhov tseeb los ntawm kev paub txog lawv qhov chaw nyob.
Feem ntau, lub toj no yog txuas ntxiv ntawm lub roob Altai, uas yog ciam teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Russia.
roob muaj cov roob sib npaug sib txuas los ntawm cov pob. Cov Sayans txuas nrog lub roob Altai los ntawm Shabin-Davan ridge. Nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm nws stretches lub K altanovsky Range, uas abuts tawm tsam Itemsky Ridge, uas stretches ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob los ntawm ib tug tributary ntawm lub Yenisei. Nyob rau sab qab teb, K altanovsky Range txuas nrog cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm Omaitura. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, los ntawm lub roob Shabin-Davan, cov Sayans muab faib ua ob chains. Sab qaum tebCov Sayans hu ua Kur-Taiga, thiab yav qab teb Sayans hu ua Tuna-Taiga.
Los ntawm sab qaum teb Sayans nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Sosnovka thiab Kyzyn-su tus dej, lub roob spur tawm mus, sib cais tus dej Kantegir thiab Yenisei. Ntxiv mus los ntawm Yenisei, Sayan Roob mus rau ntau txoj hlua mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj.
Tus dej majestic ntawm Siberia, Yenisei, hla lub roob ntawm pawg hu ua Western Sayan, tsim ntau qhov nrawm.
Ntawm ntug dej sab xis ntawm Yenisei, cov roob smoothly hla mus rau hauv cov steppes ntawm Minusinsk koog tsev kawm ntawv. Cov kab sib txuas ntawm Saiyans muaj ntau lub npe. Lub Kyzyrsuk Range nyob ze rau ntawm Yenisei, tsim txoj kev nqaim nrog dej tsaws tsag muaj zog hu ua Big Threshold. Tom qab ntawd nws hla ntawm tus dej Kyzyr-Suka thiab Bolshoy Oi mus rau ntug dej ntawm Yenisei, qhov twg cov saw Biryusinsk poob mus rau qhov siab ntawm 1,600 ko taw.
Dhau li ntawm ob ceg, Sayan Roob muaj ib lub roob sib cais ntawm Kazyra thiab Kizira tus dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub Agul spur mus rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob thiab cais tus dej Tagul thiab Agul.
Lub roob Sayan siab tshaj plaws li cas: dab neeg thiab dab neeg ntawm lub roob Sayan
Lub zog ntawm pob zeb, so yuav luag tawm tsam saum ntuj, ib txwm dhau los ua ib qho khoom ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab qee qhov kev hwm los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam no. Tias yog vim li cas hauv cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos koj tuaj yeem pom cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov lus dab neeg tshwj xeeb rau cov ncauj lus no. Cia peb kawm paub qee yam.
Nyob thaum ub, Vajtswv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej xa nws tus tub Geser los rau hauv ntiaj teb los tawm tsam kev phem. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txhua tus vajtswv thiab tus phab ej nyob hauv roob, thiab Geser lub zwm txwv nyob saum roob siab tshaj. Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej tus phab ej ntxuav lub ntiaj teb kev tsis ncaj nceesthiab monsters, ua tiav ntau feats. Nws cov tub rog tau petrified, tig mus rau hauv roob. Tam sim no lawv hu ua Sayans, thiab qhov siab tshaj ntawm lawv, qhov twg nws lub zwm txwv yog, Munku-Sardyk. Lub ncov ntawm Sayan Roob muaj npe thaum ub thiab tau muab zais rau hauv dab neeg. Muaj ntau lub pob zeb thiab cov cav ntoo uas hu ua "obos", lossis qhov chaw pe hawm thiab txi rau cov vajtswv.
Feem ntau, Geser yog ib tug dab neeg dab neeg uas tau pe hawm los ntawm yuav luag txhua haiv neeg ntawm Central Asia. Cov lus dab neeg hais txog tus vajtswv no muaj ntau lub voj voog thiab muaj txog 22,000 kab. Txoj kev kawm ntawm epic tau mus rau ib puas xyoo, tab sis tseem tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseeb. Qee tus ntseeg tias Geser yog tus cwj pwm tsis tseeb, thaum lwm tus xav tias qhov epic tau mob siab rau Genghis Khan. Nws kuj tseem ua tau tias Geser txhais tau tias Loos txhais lub npe "Caesar" (Caesar). Lub Buryat Gesariada txiav txim siab lub version uas lub epic tshwm sim ua ntej nws yug los. Tab sis feem ntau yog inclined ntseeg hais tias cov lus dab neeg hais txog Geser qhia txog lub neej ntawm ib tug tub rog thawj coj uas nyob rau hauv lub 11th-12th centuries.
Kev paub tsis meej thiab paub tsis meej ntawm lub npe
Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Tuvans niaj hnub no yog haiv neeg Turkic-hais lus Soyot, uas tau nyob yav dhau los hauv toj siab nyob rau sab saud ntawm tus dej Yenisei thiab Oka. Raws li ethnographers, "Soyot" yog hais txog ntau tshaj ntawm lo lus "Soyon", thiab yog li ntawd pawg neeg no kuj hu ua Soyons. Tom qab ntawd lo lus tau hloov kho rau Sayany. Cov pab pawg hu ua roob "Kogmen", uas txhais tau hais tias "lub ntuj ceeb tsheej teeb meem." Cov Buryats hu cov roob no "Sardyk", uas txhais tau tias "char" hauv kev txhais lus.
Thawj zaug, Lavxias teb sab Cossacks Petrov thiab Tyumenets qhia txog lub roob Sayan,uas tau mus xyuas Altyn Khan xyoo 1615. Thawj tus conqueror ntawm Sayans yog Commissar Pesterov, uas tau soj ntsuam cov kab ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub roob thiab ua tus saib xyuas ntawm ciam teb posts thiab kos npe rau nyob rau hauv 1778-1780. Kev tshawb fawb Saiyan pib thaum xyoo pua 19th.
Geological nta
Sab Hnub Poob Sayan muaj cov qauv folded thiab yog ib feem ntawm Caledonian siv ntawm Paleozoic Altai-Sayan cheeb tsam. Nws stretches ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ellipse, uas yog bounded rau tag nrho cov sab los ntawm faults. Cov qauv sab hauv yog vim qhov nyuaj npog-them hom qauv.
Yog tias peb nthuav tawm cov teeb meem nyuaj thiab ntau qhov teeb meem raws li qhov siab ntawm Sayan Roob, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais tias lub roob ntawm sab hnub poob tau muab faib ua ntau thaj chaw tectonic (North Sayan, Central Sayan, Borusskaya thiab Kurtushubinsky.). Txoj siv North Sayan suav nrog Vendian-Cambrian volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pob zeb ophiolite hauv thaj chaw melange.
Kurtushiba thiab Borussky txoj siv sia yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm Lower Paleozoic quartzites thiab diabases, nrog rau argillaceous-siliceous schists thiab ultramafic pob zeb. Cov pob zeb zoo li no yog cov sib xyaw tectonic-sedimentary. Txoj siv Central Sayan muaj ib txoj hauv kev ntawm volcanic-flyschoid formations ntawm Early Paleozoic nrog ntau txheej granite. Txoj siv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tectonic accumulations thiab tsis sib xws ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum thaj tsam Dzhebash yog qhov txawv nyias, uas muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los (Riphean), nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Western Sayan. Hloov volcanic-flyschoid deposits.
Nkauj Sab Hnub Tuaj muab faib raws hnub nyoog. Sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, txuas nrog Siberian Platform nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob, belongs rau feem ntau ancient (Precambrian) hom, thiab sab qab teb sab hnub poob, rau cov hluas (Caledonian) hom. Thawj muaj cov pob zeb hloov pauv Precambrian, uas suav nrog cov gneisses thaum ub thiab amphibolites. Lub hauv paus Derbinsky anticlinorium muaj cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb yau - shale, marble thiab amphibolites. Sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Sayan Roob yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb volcanic-sedimentary. Nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sayan, cov pob zeb orogenic tau tsim, muaj cov pob zeb volcanogenic terrigenous.
Minerals ntawm roob
Xav paub ntau ntxiv xws li lub tswv yim xws li qhov siab, Sayan Roob tsis tuaj yeem sawv cev ua ib qho khoom siv geological. Vim li cas? Qhov tseeb yog tias lawv sab hnub tuaj ntev thiab siab dua li sab hnub poob. Piv txwv li, lub ncov ntawm thawj feem nce siab tshaj hiav txwv theem los ntawm 3491 m (qhov siab tshaj plaws point ntawm lub Sayan Toj siab yog Munku-Sardyk), thaum lub thib ob yog nce los ntawm 3121 m. Thiab qhov ntev ntawm sab hnub tuaj yog yuav luag 400. km ntau tshaj sab hnub poob.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov sib txawv no, tus nqi thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev lag luam ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig tshwm sim hauv lawv cov strata yog qhov txaus nyiam tiag tiag.
Nyob rau hauv Western Sayans muaj deposits ntawm hlau, tooj liab, kub, chrysotile-asbestos, molybdenum thiab tungsten ores. Lub ntsiab we alth ntawm lub roob plob hav zoov yog hlau thiab chrysotile-asbestos. Hlau ore belongs rau hydrothermalhom metasomatic cuam tshuam nrog gabbroids thiab granitoids ntawm kev nce hauv paus. Chrysotile asbestos yog txuam nrog Lower Cambrian ultramafic pob zeb.
East Sayan, uas yog dominated los ntawm qhov siab, paub txog cov deposits ntawm kub, hlau, txhuas, titanium ores thiab lwm yam hlau tsis tshua muaj, graphite, mica thiab magnesite. Hlau deposits yog sawv cev los ntawm ferruginous quartzite, volcanogenic-sedimentary hematite-magnetite thiab magnetite ores. Aluminium ore yog sawv cev los ntawm bauxites, urtites, thiab sillimanite-cov kabmob Proterozoic schists. Secondary phosphorite yog nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ores. Tseem muaj me me deposits ntawm contact-metasomatic phlogopite thiab pegmatite muscovite. Cov khoom pov tseg ntawm quartz, graphite, jade, chrysotile asbestos, limestone thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau pom nyob hauv cheeb tsam.
western Sayans
thaj chaw no nthuav dav sab qaum teb mus rau sab hnub tuaj Sayan, los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Maly Abakan River mus rau sab saud ntawm tus dej Kazyr thiab Uda. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog Kyzyl-Taiga Range (3120 m), uas yog ib feem ntawm Kev Sib Tw Sayan Range.
roob toj roob hauv pes yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm alpine nyem nrog txoj kab nqes hav thiab pob zeb loj. Peaks nyob rau sab hnub poob ncav cuag qhov siab txog li 3000 m, mus rau sab hnub tuaj lawv txo mus rau 2000 m.
Cov theem sab saud ntawm qhov siab ntawm 2000 m sawv cev rau roob taiga nrog cov pas dej glacial, cirques thiab moraines. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Western Sayan yog Sayano-Shushenskyreserve.
Eastern Sayans
Lub ncov ntawm thaj chaw no yog npog nrog cov daus uas tsis yaj. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sayan Roob thiab Sayan Roob lawv tus kheej, raws li tau hais los saum no, yog Mount Munku-Sardyk (3490 m), uas yog Okinsky Plateau txuas. Lub tiaj no yog them nrog alpine meadows, deciduous forests thiab roob tundra, kuj muaj cov suab puam pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem, ib tug pob caus ntawm ob peb ridges yog tsim, nws lub siab tshaj plaws ncov (Grandiozny Peak) muaj qhov siab ntawm 2980 m.
Topographers Peak (3044 m) belongs rau lub ncov siab thib ob. Lub ntsiab glaciers yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntsiab peaks. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Sayans muaj "kwj hav ntawm lub roob hluav taws" nrog cov cim ntawm kev ua volcanic, uas yog lub roob hluav taws kub. Qhov kawg ejections ntawm lava yog kwv yees li 8,000 xyoo dhau los. Lub ntiaj teb nto moo Stolby xwm cia nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Sayan Roob.
pom dab tsi hauv Sayans
Muab rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov lus tseeb saum toj no, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias qhov siab ntawm Sayan Roob txhua xyoo nyiam cov neeg coob coob ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Txhua leej txhua tus xav xav zoo li ib feem ntawm ib yam dab tsi loj thiab loj.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog qhov siab tsuas yog nyiam ntawm no xwb, Sayans muaj qhov tshwj xeeb taiga toj roob hauv pes nrog cov pas dej glacial, dej tsaws tsag thiab dej ntws uas tsim cov toj roob hauv pes tshwj xeeb.
Lub Central Sayans (Tofalaria) suav hais tias yog thaj chaw nkag tsis tau tshaj plaws thiab muaj suab puam hauv roob. Ntawm cov taiga ntawm Western Sayan, lub ntuj "Stone City" nkaum, qhov twgcov pob zeb zoo li cov seem ntawm cov tsev qub qub thiab cov fortresses. Sab Hnub Tuaj Sayan Roob yog lub npe hu rau Shumak ntxhia springs thiab "Valley of Volcanoes".
cheeb tsam Munku-Sardyk nrog Oka toj siab nyob rau hauv Lub Xya Hli yog qhov zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub roob npog nrog cov ntaub pua plag zoo nkauj ntawm cov paj ntoo, rhododendrons, edelweiss, cov hauv paus kub thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag. Muaj ntau qhov chaw, dej ntws, pas dej thiab kwj deg, pom mos lwj liab thiab musk mos lwj. Qhov xwm ntawm Munku-Sardyk yog yuav luag untouched los ntawm txiv neej. Lub ridge nws tus kheej nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm Russia thiab Mongolia, thiab mus xyuas thaj chaw no tsuas yog ua tau nrog kev tso cai los ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas ciam teb, txwv tsis pub qhov siab ntawm Sayan Roob tsuas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm sab nraud.
