Lo lus "essay" hauv Lavxias los ntawm Fabkis. Nws rov qab mus rau keeb kwm rau ib lub tswv yim Latin, uas txhais tau tias "hnyav" hauv kev txhais lus. Lo lus Fab Kis txhais los ntawm lo lus "essay", "sketch", "sim", "sim", "sim". Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav qhia koj txog yuav ua li cas sau ib tsab ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Koj yuav kawm paub dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom no, dab tsi yog nws cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv peb tsab xov xwm, cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig yuav raug muab, tom qab nyeem ntawv uas, koj yuav nkag siab yuav ua li cas sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj thiab nthuav. Cia peb pib nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws tus kheej.
tsab ntawv yog dab tsi?
Ib tsab ntawv yog ib qho kev sau ntawv uas muaj cov ntsiab lus pub dawb ntawm ib lub ntim me me, uas qhia txog tus kheej kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm ib qho teeb meem lossis lub sijhawm thiab tsis ua piv txwv ua ntej kom ua tiav lossis kev txhais lus.cov khoom no.
Nyob hauv phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia los ntawm L. P. Krysin, nws tau txhais raws li hauv qab no: qhov no yog ib qho kev sau ntawv uas kho qee qhov teeb meem hauv daim ntawv dawb, thiab tsis yog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Tig mus rau Phau Ntawv Teev Npe Loj, peb kawm tau tias cov ntawv sau yog ib hom ntawv nyeem-cim, kev xav, kev sau xov xwm, keeb kwm-biographical prose, uas sib txuas tus neeg sau txoj haujlwm, hais txog cov ntawv nyeem, nrog kev so, feem ntau paradoxical nthuav qhia, ze rau kev hais lus.
Cov Lus Nug Txog Cov Lus Cog Tseg tau hais tias cov ntawv sau yog ib qho me me, dawb-daim ntawv prose ua haujlwm uas kho cov ncauj lus thiab yog ib qho kev sim qhia tus neeg sau cov kev xav lossis kev xav cuam tshuam nrog nws.
Signs of essay
- Muaj ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb lossis lub ncauj lus. Ib txoj hauj lwm mob siab rau kev tsom xam ntawm ntau yam teeb meem tsis tuaj yeem, los ntawm kev txhais, ua rau ib hom ntawv xws li sau ntawv.
- Nws yuav tsum qhia tus kheej xav txog thiab kev xav ntawm qee qhov teeb meem lossis lub sijhawm, tsis yog ua piv txwv ua ntu zus thiab txhais kev txhais lus ntawm qee yam kev kawm. Saib hauv qab no kom paub ntau ntxiv txog kev sau ntawv sau ntawv.
- Ib tsab ntawv, raws li txoj cai, txhais tau hais tias muaj ib lo lus tshiab, xim xim ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem yog keeb kwm-biographical, philosophical, kev sau ntawv-tseem ceeb, kev sau xov xwm, kev tshawb fawb nrov lossis cov ntawv tseeb.
- Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho hauvcov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv ntsuas tus cwj pwm ntawm tus sau, nws txoj kev xav thiab kev xav, kev xav hauv ntiaj teb.
Kev sau ntawv hom neeg tsim
zaj nkauj no tau nrov heev nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Nws tus tsim yog Michel de Montaigne (tus sau phau ntawv "Kev sim", luam tawm xyoo 1580). Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws uas peb xub pom cov piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas sau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej tias tus kws sau ntawv no tau sau cov ntawv sau txog kev xav. Phau ntawv muaj cov tshooj xws li, piv txwv li, "Nyob rau ntawm tus kheej lub siab", "Rau lub siab". Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv, tus sau lub tswv yim yuav pab koj tsim cov haujlwm ntawm hom ntawv no ob qho tib si hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam.
Kev txawj sau ntawv tam sim no tseem ceeb heev. Tam sim no, hom haujlwm no ua haujlwm tau muab ntau zaus. Piv txwv li, nws suav nrog cov ntawv sau ntawm USE cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum nkag mus rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv lossis, piv txwv li, thaum nrhiav haujlwm, hom ntawv no tau muab qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev sib tw ntawm kev ua haujlwm tso cai rau koj xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Vim li cas peb thiaj sau ntawv?
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau ntawv yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev xav ntawm tus kheej, nrog rau kev muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm kev xav hauv kev sau ntawv. Qhov kev paub no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, vim nws pab tus neeg sau kawm paub yuav ua li cas kom raug thiab qhia meej meej nws cov kev xav, siv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv, qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm qhov ua rau thiab cov txiaj ntsig, qhia cov piv txwv no, thiab sib cav cov lus xaus.
No plot
Thawj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus classic hauv hom ntawv no. Tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem muab ntau yam piv txwv ntawm lub neej, tab sis tag nrho cov no tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.
Zoo tsis paub tseeb
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis paub meej ntawm daim ntawv. Hauv lwm lo lus, koj tuaj yeem, raws li lawv hais, nthuav koj cov kev xav raws li tsob ntoo, thiab tsis muaj leej twg yuav hais lus phem rau koj rau qhov no. Txhua yam uas los rau hauv siab tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ntawv, tshuaj xyuas, thiab tom qab ntawd suav nrog.
essay Length
Nco ntsoov tias qhov ntim ntawm cov ntawv sau yog me me, tab sis nws tsis muaj ciam teb meej. Nws yog kwv yees li peb mus rau xya nplooj ntawv sau rau hauv cov ntawv hauv computer. Ntawm Harvard Business School, piv txwv li, cov ntawv sau feem ntau sau rau ntawm ob nplooj ntawv xwb. Hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv tsev, txog li kaum nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tau raug tso cai.
Tshwj xeeb teeb meem lossis lus nug
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias tus kws sau cov kev xav yuav tsum tau nyob hauv qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb (qee cov lus nug tsis tuaj yeem daws tau). Lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau hais kom meej. Ib tsab ntawv tsis tuaj yeem xav txog ntau lub ntsiab lus, muaj ntau lub tswv yim (xav). Nws tsuas yog qhia txog ib qho kev xav, ib qho txawv, thiab txhim kho lawv. Ntawd yog, qhov no tsuas yog cov lus teb rau qee cov lus nug.
tus kheej xav
Thiab tib lub sijhawm, koj yuav tsum qhia koj tus kheej qhov kev xav. Essay tsis sivmus rau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov pom, txawm tias muaj ntau qhov kev sib cav thiab cov pov thawj tau muab. Qhov no, feem ntau yuav, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Kev sau ntawv sau ntawv tsis yog txoj haujlwm scientific.
Yim kev sib tham nrog tus nyeem
Tom ntej no kuv xav hais tias thaum tsim ib tsab ntawv, nws yog zoo li ib tug imitation ntawm ib tug nyob sib tham nrog tus nyeem ntawv, uas koj yuav tsum tau coj, hu nrog ntau yam lus nug, tsa burning lub ntsiab lus li no, zoo li koj nyob pem nws ntawm no thiab tam sim no. Tus sau lub monologue yuav tsum nyob sab nraud ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm, muaj cov lus hais nyob. Kev sau cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Kev ntseeg siab, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib txuas lus yuav tsum tau tsim nrog tus nyeem ntawv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tus sau yuav tsum txhob txwm zam kev tsis pom tseeb, nyuaj, nruj heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab lus formulaic, slang, abbreviated cov lus yuav tsum raug zam los ntawm kev siv, nrog rau lub suab nrov dhau lawm yuav tsum zam. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb sau tseg, cov ntawv sau zoo tsuas yog tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg uas muaj lub ntsiab lus dawb, tuaj yeem pom nws los ntawm ntau lub ces kaum, thiab tseem npaj tau los nthuav qhia cov neeg nyeem nrog ntau qhov sib txawv, tab sis tsis tag, saib qhov tshwm sim no.
Free composition
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm hom ntawv no yog pub dawb. Txoj kev npaj sau ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv tsis nruj. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, hom no tau teeb tsa hauv txoj hauv kev uas nws tsis zam lub hauv paus txheej txheem. Feem ntau nws yog tsim tsis sib haum xeeb rau cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm logic, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm arbitrary koom haum. Essay plan raucov ntaub ntawv kom koj tuaj yeem tsim koj tus kheej. Peb yuav muab qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv qab no.
Nyob rau paradoxes
Muaj kev xav rau paradoxes. Hom ntawv no yog tsim los rau surprise, puzzle tus nyeem ntawv - qhov zoo yog yuav tsum tau. Lub ntsiab lus pib rau kev xav hauv ib qho kev sau ntawv feem ntau yog cov lus pom tseeb tiag tiag lossis qee qhov kev txhais tsis sib xws uas thawb ua ke indisputable thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tab sis tib lub sij hawm sib koom ua ke cov ntsiab lus, yam ntxwv, nqe lus.
Semantic unity
Ib qho ntawm cov paradoxes ntawm hom ntawv no yog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm sab hauv. Kev tsom xam feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis tsis muaj kev sib sau, cov ntawv sau muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv cov ntawv nyeem, uas yog, qhov sib xws ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntawv no, nrog rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov lus sib cav, qhov sib xws ntawm kev txiav txim. uas qhia txog tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm nws tus tsim.
Tus qauv sau ntawv thiab tus qauv
1. Taw qhia. "Yuav ua li cas pib ib tsab ntawv sau ntawv?" - koj nug. Raws li koj paub, qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los sau thawj kab. Koj tsis tas yuav pib ua pov thawj ib yam dab tsi rau ib tus neeg los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau npaj lub hauv paus, uas yog, tsim kom zoo cua thiab raus tus nyeem ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev xav uas yuav pab tau nws nkag mus rau tus sau lub tswv yim ntau npaum li sai tau nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.
2. Qhov tseem ceeb, uas muaj cov no. Nco ntsoov tias lub ntsiablub tswv yim yuav tsum tau formulated luv luv thiab meej. Nws yuav tsum yooj yim thiab to taub. Tsis muaj leej twg nyiam cov lus tsis muaj tseeb. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, uas tsim cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog tsuas yog qhia nws, tab sis kuj ua pov thawj nws. Piv txwv li, koj hais tias txoj hmoo yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug neeg lub npe. Tom qab ntawd ua pov thawj nws los ntawm kev muab cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub neej lossis raws li qee qhov kev xav paub zoo. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, koj yuav tsum sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Lermontov, Pushkin, Gogol, Nekrasov, S altykov-Shchedrin… Siv koj txoj kev paub txog Lavxias teb sab classics, tab sis nco ntsoov nthuav tawm qhov tshiab.
Thesis yog li teb cov lus nug: "Dab tsi?" Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum teb cov lus nug: "Vim li cas?", uas yog, ua pov thawj nws.
3. Txoj kev npaj rau kev sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kuj suav nrog cov lus xaus, ib feem kawg, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tau hais. Koj tuaj yeem tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv rau lub sijhawm ntev, mus rau hauv hav zoov ntawm kev xav, tab sis thaum kawg koj yuav tsum tau sau tag nrho cov kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv ib pob. Qhov no yog tib txoj kev los ua kom tiav cov nqe lus zoo, nrog rau kev qhia tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv sau. Yog tias nws qhov ntim me dhau, koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj qhov no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj suab hauv qhov xaus.
Nov yog Txoj Kev Sau Ntawv Sau Ntawv uas koj tuaj yeem hloov pauv me ntsis vim nws yog qhov yooj yim heev.
Thiab los pab koj sau ntawv zoo dua
1. Xav txog lub ntsiab lus thiab nws lub ntsiab lus. Tshawb xyuas seb koj nkag siab li casxav sau. Koj puas tuaj yeem muab qee yam tshiab thiab tshiab ntawm lub ncauj lus? Cov ntawv sau yog nto moo, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rau originality. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nthuav qhia qhov tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-banal saib txawm tias feem ntau banal yam, yog tias lawv yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. Tsis txhob hnov qab hais lus tshiab.
2. Khoom siv. Xaiv yam koj yuav siv thaum sau koj txoj haujlwm. Tsuas yog nyeem ntawv thiab kev ua neej nyob yuav txaus? Tsis txhob hnov qab tias ib tug collage ntawm formulations, ntau yam kev xav ib txwm captivate. Tau paub cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem no thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog qee tus kws sau ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab ua haujlwm ntev, ua rau cov neeg nyeem xav tsis thoob nrog kev xav thiab ua rau lawv muaj kev xav tshiab.
3. Kev siv tswv yim. Tsis txhob sim qhia txhua yam ib zaug. Koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau cov neeg nyeem nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov lus nthuav tawm. Ua kom nws nthuav, zoo siab thiab paub nyeem.
4. Peb whales. Sau rau ntawm daim ntawv lub ntsiab xav thiab cov lus qhia. Xaiv peb qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm lawv. Coj lawv los ua lub hauv paus. Yog tias koj tau txais ntau ceg, koj khiav qhov kev pheej hmoo tias cov ntawv nyeem yuav zoo li tsis nkag siab thiab sab nraud, thiab yog tias tsawg dua - kev saib xyuas thiab kev sib txuas. Tus naj npawb "3" tau ntev tau lees paub tias yog tej yam yees siv. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ignored.
5. Ua ntej, lub cev pob txha. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd - daim tawv nqaij. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm no yog tias thaum xub thawj nws yog tsim nyog los hais luv luv lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm kev xav. Lawv tuaj yeem sau rau hauv ib lossis ob kab lus hauv txhua kab lus, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem maj mam rov nyeem dua, thiabces ua ib tug snowball ntawm koj tus kheej xav. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog thiab cov piv txwv, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv siv ntau yam txuj ci zoo nkauj.
Tam sim no koj paub sau ntawv sau ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv peb tsab xov xwm kuj tseem siv tau thaum tsim cov ntawv sau rau lwm yam kev kawm. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tsis txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm hom no. Cov qauv sau ntawv sau los ntawm peb tuaj yeem siv tau, piv txwv li, thaum sau cov haujlwm ntawm kev xav, thaum thov ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam.
