Cov qauv sau ntawv lus Askiv yog kev tshuaj xyuas txog lub xeev ntawm cov teeb meem niaj hnub no, coj cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no.
Txhua lo lus hauv lus Askiv muaj lexical thiab grammatical lub ntsiab lus. Lexical muaj lub tswv yim tsis meej, thaum grammatical muaj qhov paub daws teeb meem.
Kab lus no yuav yog qhov taw qhia. Thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas peb yuav ua thaum piav qhia txog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv theoretical ntawm cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no yog kom nkag siab txog tej yam xws li cov ntsiab lus, cov txheej txheem thiab cov cuab yeej siv lus ntawm ntu no ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus tag nrho.
Speech to language ratio
Yog. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv cov teeb meem ntawm qhov tam sim noLinguistics nyob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li lus thiab kev hais lus, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv sau ntawv theoretical ntawm lus Askiv. Lavxias teb sab thiab lus Askiv, yog ib hom lus tshaj plaws, tsis tau hla qhov teeb meem no. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm "hais lus" thiab "lus", lawv qhov sib xws thiab lawv qhov tsis sib xws - qhov no, qhov tseeb, yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus ntawm tag nrho ib puas xyoo dhau los. Nco tseg. Lus tau pom nyob rau hauv linguistics raws li ib tug qauv ntawm kev hais lus, thiab kev hais lus yog pom raws li lub embodiment ntawm ib tug hais lus nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Thiab tus khub no - lus thiab hais lus - yog ib qho kev ncaj ncees sib cais. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem koj yuav tsum muab ib qho kev sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus no.
Nrog rau kev kawm dav ntawm cov lus, ib qho nyiaj ntawm muaj, uas yog, nominally npaj semantic units tshwm sim, xws li cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov lus. Thiab cov nyiaj no, yog tias koj tsis mus rau hauv kev sib tham ntawm nws cov heterogeneity, hu ua "vocabulary". Qhov no yog dab tsi linguistics invests nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm ib cov nyiaj ntawm nominally semantic khoom.
hais lus thiab sau ntawv
Kev paub ntau yam ntawm cov lus hauv nws cov ntsiab lus muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov lus, uas yog, nws yog hais txog kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv. Ib feem ntawm cov lus no tau nthuav tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav raws li kev sib txuas lus.
Cov qauv sau ntawv lus Askiv thiab nws lub tswv yim dav, nyiaj txiag ntawm cov lus thiab cov qauv muab daim ntawv rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus.
Syntax, semantics thiab cov ntaub ntawv
Sijhawm ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov npepeb lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov qauv sau ntawv niaj hnub ntawm cov lus Askiv yog dictated feem ntau los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau txiav los yog kos lub ciam teb ntawm qhov nqaim kev qhuab qhia sab ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv ntawm cov lus, raws li nws yog qhia los ntawm cov linguist nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub theem ntawm kev loj hlob. kev kawm lus. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si logical thiab semantic txhais lus, semantics yog antithesis ntawm syntax, zoo li qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv hom kev tsim kho.
Identity term
Vim lub ncauj lus tau kov ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb, lub sijhawm ntawm tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, qhov kev kawm no yuav tsum muaj nws tus kheej kev sib txuas nrog rau qib ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom kawm tau pom (ntawm no, cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov kab ke thiab cov qauv ntawm cov lus). Lub logicality ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej raws li ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom raug tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej loj hlob nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov kev faib tawm kom zoo uas suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, peb yuav ua qhov kev soj ntsuam tob thiab meej ntawm cov kab ke thiab cov qauv ntawm cov lus.
Tus sawv cev ntawm cov lus units
Nws hloov tawm tias cov lus ua ib qho khoom nruab nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib pauv kev xav thaum lub sij hawm kev sib txuas lus muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Lub tom kawg tsim ib hom kev sib koom ua ke, sib koom ua ke hauv kev sib koom ua haujlwm nyuaj, yog ib feem ntawm cov ntawv uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev noj cov neeg hais lus ua haujlwm. Hauv cov ntsiab lus lus, cov txheej txheem no feem ntau hu ua chav tsev ntawm cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij,Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cim iconic. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yog tsim nyog them sai sai, piv txwv li, rau lub hauv paus sib txawv ntawm phonemes ntawm ib sab tes thiab lub thiaj li hu ua kos npe rau. Xws li kev tawm tsam yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus ntuj, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cim kos npe uas tau yug los ncaj qha ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus ntuj. Qhov sib txawv no qhia txog dab tsi yog zais hauv kev hais lus tom qab txoj cai ntawm kev faib ua khub ntawm ib hom lus (uas yog, tag nrho ntawm nws cov khoom siv) rau hauv qhov kos npe thiab tsis kos npe. Thov nco ntsoov tias txhawm rau txhawm rau cais cov khub ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, lossis theej, kos npe thiab tsis kos npe raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm, nws yuav yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws los piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom lus., thiab nyob rau hauv no hais txog nws yog tsim nyog hais tias muaj pre-kos npe los yog ib sab units. Thiab tseem muaj cov chav uas twb muaj ob tog lawm. Xws li cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lus ho txo cov hauj lwm ntawm linguists precisely nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov ntaub ntawv qauv ntawm tag nrho cov chav tsev ntawm cov lus yog subdivided thiab tsim los ntawm phonemes, thiab yog ices nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chains. los yog ntu. Cov tib yam uas muab cov ntu nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm accompanying txoj kev ntawm tus kheej qhia. Lub phoneme tseem yog ntu me tshaj plaws, thaum lub morpheme subdivides ntu-tseem ceeb units, thiab txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov haujlwm. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus, uas sawv tawm raws li ib qho tseem ceeb nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm intonation,accents, pauses thiab lo lus txiav txim hloov.
qis pib theem ntawm ntu: indentation
Nws muaj ntau lub xov tooj. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm chav nyob ntawm phonological degree muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias lawv nthuav tawm lub cev qauv ntawm cov ntu overlying. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tus kheej tsis yog cov cim cim. Lub phoneme tsim thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm morphemes, tab sis cov lus hais txog qhov txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv, xws li cov khoom nyoos ntawm cov suab, uas lawv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus no los yog cov lus ntawd yog raws li, ua cov neeg faib tawm ntawm lawv cov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom uas tau hais tseg tsis nyob hauv lawv tus kheej ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ntu, thiab yog li nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees los tham txog qib ntawm phonological qhov txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv.
Morphematic (grammatical) qib
Ib tug morpheme tshwm sim raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib lo lus, uas yog tsim los ntawm phonemes, thiab qhov yooj yim ntawm lawv tsuas yog ib qho phoneme:
- a-fize [̙-];
- hais [-s];
- mist-y [-i].
Qhov kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws tawm tsam cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg uas ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib qho khoom los txiav txim siab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub semantics ntawm ib tug morpheme los ntawm lub foundations ntawm nws functional lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv cov lus yuav suav hais tias yog ib tug sublexeme. Thiab saum toj no qib morphematic ntawm cov lus lus yog qib ntawm cov lus, lossis qib lexical.
qib lus
Lo lus yog chav nominative ntawm hom lus. Thiab nws txoj kev xaiv yog muab cov npe rau cov khoom, qhov tshwm sim thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub neej thiab lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. Txij li thaum morphemes ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib lo lus, cov lus teeb suav nrog nkaus xwbib morphem. Cov npe piv txwv:
- no;
- ntau;
- thiab.
Koj tuaj yeem xyuam xim rau qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov lus monomorphemic txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb tseem ua haujlwm. Nws tsis yog ib qho morpheme ua raws li ib lo lus.
Kev qhia
Kuv xav pom zoo ib phau ntawv muaj peev xwm rau kev kawm tob tob txog cov qauv sau ntawv theoretical ntawm lus Askiv.
Cov phau ntawv teev npe hauv qab no yog nyob rau saum lawv cov ncauj lus.
A. A. Khudyakov. "Ib Theoretical Grammar of the English Language". Cov ntsiab lus: grammatical lub ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv; qeb ntawm modality; constructive syntax, thiab lwm yam
B. V. Gurevich. Theoretical Grammar ntawm Lus Askiv. Comparative typology ntawm lus Askiv thiab Lavxias teb sab lus ". Phau ntawv nthuav tawm cov teeb meem theoretical tshaj plaws uas tshwm sim hauv cov qauv grammatical. Ib qho kev sib piv ntawm cov kab lus grammatical ntawm cov lus Askiv thiab Lavxias kuj tau muab
M. I. Bloch. "Ib Theoretical Grammar of the English Language". Cov lus qhia no suav nrog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov qauv lus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus Askiv, thiab lwm yam.
I. P. Ivanova. "Ib Theoretical Grammar of the English Language". Phau ntawv kawm muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov lus Askivntawm nws cov lus niaj hnub no, cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab tshaj plaws thiab ntau ntxiv.
Cov phau ntawv tsis tsuas yog hloov kho hom kev sib txuas lus sib txuas xwb, tab sis kuj tsis nco qab txoj kev kawm ntawm kev faib cov kab lus, pawg kab lus ntawm cov lus qhia, ywj siab thiab nyob ntawm cov lus qhia thiab ntau ntxiv. Cov kev qhia no yuav pab koj nkag siab ntau yam teeb meem.
