Ntau zaus, hom haujlwm kawg thaum kuaj kev paub lus Askiv yog sau ntawv. Ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm tsis nyiam vim tias lawv qib kev paub lus tsis siab txaus. Yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sau ib coherent ntawv nyeem, koj yuav tsum muaj ib tug zoo hais kom ua ntawm lub grammatical qauv ntawm cov lus Askiv kab lus thiab muaj ib tug nplua nuj mov ntawm active lus. Tab sis qhov tseeb, sau ntawv ua lus Askiv tsis nyuaj, qhov tseem ceeb yog kom nkag siab qhov twg yuav pib.
tsab ntawv yog dab tsi?
Yuav yuam kev ntseeg tias lo lus "essay" tuaj rau peb ntawm lus Askiv. Qhov tseeb, nws muaj cov hauv paus hauv Fab Kis, tab sis Francis Bacon, tus kws tshaj lij thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov neeg ua nom ua tswv, tau coj lo lus no los rau Askiv kab lis kev cai.
Nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv, hom ntawv no tau los ua ib feem ntawm kev sau xov xwm thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig loj heev hauv 18th thiab 19th centuries. Ib tsab ntawv yog ib cov lus luv luv uas qhia txog tus neeg lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Ib daim ntawv sau ua lus Askiv muaj cov lus qhia, lub ntsiab lus, qhov xaus.
Signs
Txhua hom ntawv muaj tus qauv tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov qauv, cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov qauv sau ntawv yog tsim los ntawm qee qhov nta. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim txiav txim siab tias nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li no hom ntawv nyeem. Paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem kuj yuav pab kom nkag siab zoo dua nws cov qauv thiab txiav txim siab seb cov khoom twg yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv hom kev sib xyaw no. Cia peb saib cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau cov ntawv sau tawm ntawm lwm hom ntawv:
- Kev tsom xam. Tsis zoo li lwm hom ntaub ntawv, hom haujlwm no tsis tuaj yeem npog ntau yam teeb meem. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsab ntawv no yog tsom rau kev nthuav tawm ib qho teeb meem, tab sis tob heev.
- Kev kawm. Zaj nkauj no tsis yog los qhia kom sawv daws paub txog qhov teeb meem no, yog tsim los qhia txoj kev xav ntawm ib tug neeg, qhia tus cwj pwm tsis yog haiv neeg, tiam sis tus kheej.
- Cov ntawv ntsuas tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tus sau muab rau peb, tab sis nws lub hauv paus zoo, muaj peev xwm xav txog kev xav, kev xav hauv ntiaj teb thiab txhua yam uas txawv nws ntawm lwm tus neeg.
Cov ntawv sau dab tsi muaj lus Askiv?
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau ntawv ua lus Askiv yog qhia koj cov kev xav txog qee qhov tshwm sim, txheej txheem lossis khoom siv. Tab sis koj tuaj yeem qhia koj txoj kev xav hauv ntau txoj kev: nrhiav qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom, nrhiav qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau hom ntawv sau ua lus Askiv:
- Kev xav, lossis Kev xav Essay - hauv nws koj yuav tsum qhia koj cov kev xav ntawm cov lus nug tshwj xeeb. Qhov teeb meem yog thaum sau hom ntawv no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau nrhiav kev sib txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem, saib nws los ntawm ntau lub kaum ntse ntse. Hauv tsab ntawv no, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus kheej txoj haujlwm.
- Rau thiab tawm tsam cov ntawv sau. Ib hom ntawv uas ua rau tus neeg saib ib yam khoom los ntawm ob sab. Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo tag nrho los yog vicious kiag li. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ob qho tib si phem thiab zoo hauv txhua qhov teeb meem. Koj yuav tsum kawm paub sau hom ntawv no ua lus Askiv zoo heev, qhov kev xeem suav nrog sau raws nraim nws.
- Qhia kev daws teeb meem. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog ib txwm muaj lub ntiaj teb tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. Tom qab saib tag nrho ntawm ib lo lus nug, tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum muaj kev daws teeb meem.
Puas yog ib daim ntawv muab faib ua?
Txij thaum tsev kawm ntawv, peb paub tias feem ntau cov ntawv nyeem muaj ob peb ntu: cov lus qhia, lub cev ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov lus xaus. Ib tsab ntawv muaj cov qauv zoo ib yam, tab sis tsis zoo li cov lus piav qhia yooj yooj yim, nws yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej dua, thaum tib lub sijhawm muaj ntau qhov tseeb thiab cov lus sib cav ntau li ntau tau. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau lawv. Logic yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav pab tau tus menyuam sau ntawv ua lus Askiv. Kev xeem tsis yog tsuas yog kev paub xwb, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm xav tau.
Intro
Kev taw qhia yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm zaj dab neeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv seem no uas tus sau piav txog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawmnyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws, sim qhia rau cov neeg nyeem yuav ua li cas nws hais txog qhov teeb meem uas tau tsa nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab. Tsis tas li hauv kev taw qhia, nws tsim cov npe ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseeb tau tsa. Kev taw qhia yuav tsum ua kom tiav raws li qhov ua tau thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshuaj xyuas tib lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv lub siab txhim kho lub siab lub ntsws portrait ntawm qhov kev kawm. Ib tsab ntawv ua lus Askiv qhia tib neeg txoj kev xav.
Main part
Nws yuav tsum muaj tag nrho koj cov kev xav txog cov lus nug nug. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem muaj cov saw "sib cav - pov thawj". Koj tsis tuaj yeem tham txog tej yam tshwm sim lossis khoom yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau lawv. Txhawm rau kom raug cov qauv thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau zoo, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los faib cov ntawv rau hauv kab lus. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaum sau, cov lus sib cav nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lub cev yuav sawv cev rau ob opposites. Thiab tsuas yog nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, koj tuaj yeem sau ntawv ua lus Askiv zoo.
Zoo kawg
Zoo - cov lus xaus tau ua li cas thaum xav txog qhov teeb meem no. Nws yog nyob rau hauv tshooj no uas koj yuav tsum sau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm koj qhov laj thawj. Sau cov kev cai dav dav uas yav tas los tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia thiab piav qhia hauv qhov tseem ceeb. Siv cov lus sib txuas los pab qhia tias qhov no yog qhov kawg ntawm tsab ntawv thiab koj tau sau txhua yam koj tau sau txog tam sim no. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum sau.
npaj sau dab tsi?
Los ntawm kev ua raws li kev npaj sau ntawv tshwj xeeb, nws yuav yooj yim dua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kom tsom mus thiab tsis txhob ntshai. Qhov tseeb, ib qho kev sau ntawv yog ib phau ntawv tsim raws li qee qhov kev cai. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv ob qho tib si deductive (kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev dav mus rau ib qho) thiab inductive (los ntawm tshwj xeeb mus rau dav) txoj kev xav ntawm kev xav. Yog tias txoj haujlwm ua raws li kev xav, ces thaum sau ntawv sau ua lus Askiv, txoj kev npaj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev npaj. Hauv qab no yog kev sau ntawv algorithm:
- Ua tib zoo xav txog cov lus nug uas koj xav sau hauv tsab ntawv.
- Txiav txim siab koj xav li cas txog qhov teeb meem no (daim ntawv qhia los ntawm qhov no).
- Qhia qhov tseeb uas txhais tau tias koj qhov teeb meem zoo tshaj.
- Sib cav koj qhov tseeb nrog cov lus sib cav
- Xaiv kab lus cais rau txhua qhov tseeb thiab kev sib cav los tsim cov ntawv nyeem.
- Tsim tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv qhov xaus.
Tips
Yuav kom yooj yim thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, peb tau npaj ntau cov lus pom zoo. Los ntawm kev ua raws li lawv, koj tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog kawm paub sau cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv zoo xwb, tab sis kuj nkag siab txog kev lis cov ntawv nyeem:
- Cov ncauj lus hauv lus Askiv muaj ntau haiv neeg, yog li txhim kho koj txoj kev paub los ntawm kev nyeem cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv xov xwm.
- Kawm kom nkag siab cov qauv sau ntawv Askiv thiab sim sau cov lus kom ntau li ntau tau. Cov qauv kab lus tsis raug thiab cov lus tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, thiabtxhais tau tias koj tsis paub lus.
- Ib txwm khaws daim ntawv nrog koj, txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum tau siv nws kom zoo. Tsis txhob sim sau tag nrho cov ntawv sau ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd rov sau dua hauv daim ntawv huv. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kos cov phiaj xwm sau ntawv, qhov tseeb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov lus sib cav rau lawv hauv cov ntawv sau nrog cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv.
- Tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov qauv sau ntawv tseem ceeb heev. Cov ntawv tsis muaj qauv zoo li tsis zoo, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tsis meej pem thiab tsis tso cai rau koj tso cov ntaub ntawv rau ntawm lub txee.
- Tus qauv ntawm hom ntawv no yog kev cai, tab sis yog tias koj pom tias nws nyuaj rau kev sau ua hom lus, koj tuaj yeem xaiv semi-formal, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv slang kev sib txuas lus.
- Kev txiav txim siab tsis yog qhov tsis zoo ib txwm muaj, hauv kev sau ntawv nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum xaiv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab ua cov ntawv nyeem raws li qhov ua tau thiab tsis tshua muaj siab li sai tau.
- Nco ntsoov nco ntsoov tias koj yuav tsum tsis txhob sau cov ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj xyuas nws. Xam lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws uas koj xav tau los sau, suav nrog kev nyeem ntawv.
- Txhua qhov tseeb uas koj npog yuav tsum yog qhov laj thawj thiab qhov tseeb.
- Kawm qhia koj cov kev xav kom raug. Tsis txhob xa qhov tseeb uas koj tsis paub dab tsi lossis paub tsawg heev. Nco ntsoov cov lus koj sau yog lawm.
- Kawm txuas cov lus uas txuas cov ntu ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab txav mus los ntawm lawv. Nco ntsoov tias cliches muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lus Askiv sau ntawv (Peb tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej qhov tseeb tias…, Ib qho yuav tsum lees tias…, Ntxiv rau…,Raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij).
- Ua siab mos rau koj txoj kev ntseeg. Txij li cov ntawv sau qhia qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov teeb meem uas tau hais tseg, tsis txhob hais txog koj qhov kev ncaj ncees, vim lwm tus neeg muaj lawv tus kheej xav txog qhov teeb meem no, thiab nws yuav tsis sib haum nrog koj li. Tsis tas li, tsis txhob kov cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li kev nom kev tswv, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam.
Cov lus qhia: lawv yog dab tsi thiab lawv pab tau li cas
Ib daim ntawv sau ua lus Askiv muaj cov qauv siv uas pab tus kws sau ntawv tsim nws txoj kev xav, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus lossis qhov ua tau zoo hauv nws qhov kev ntsuas. Lawv hu ua kab lus qhia. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov ntawv sau ua ntau dua thiab muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau txhua qhov ntawm cov lus, muaj ntau ntau cov lus qhia. Piv txwv li, rau cov lus taw qhia, cov nqe lus yog siv uas nyiam cov neeg nyeem (Ntau tus neeg xav tias … tab sis lwm tus tsis pom zoo), nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb, cov nqe lus sib piv yog siv (Los ntawm qhov tod tes), hauv qhov xaus., kab lus uas qhia kos cov lus xaus (To sum up). Nco ntsoov siv cov kev xaiv saum toj no, lawv pab qhia cov kev xav kom pom tseeb.
feem ntau yuam kev
Kev sau ntawv ua lus Askiv tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, qhov tseeb no tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum xav txog, vim leej twg ceeb toom yog tub rog.
Ua tib zoo kawm cov npe ntawm qhov yuam kev feem ntau, uas yuav qhia hauv qab no, thiab uaCov lus xaus: saib qhov twg ntawm cov npe yuam kev uas koj tsis ua, thiab qhov twg koj yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm. Yog li koj tuaj yeem pom koj qhov tsis muaj zog thiab sim kho lawv. Feem ntau yuam kev yog:
- Ntxim qab kawg rau zaj dab neeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav txaus siab rau tus neeg tshuaj xyuas los ntawm thawj kab, qhia tias nws nyeem koj cov ntawv sau, tsis yog vim nws tsuas yog xav tau los ntsuas nws, tab sis vim nws yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau nws tus kheej.
- Ua haujlwm tsis tau lees paub los ntawm koj tus kheej. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev rov nyeem koj cov ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem pom qhov tsis zoo thiab cov ntsiab lus ploj hauv nws. Thaum ib tug neeg rov nyeem cov ntawv sau, nws pom nws tag nrho. Tsis txhob hnov qab siv sijhawm los tshuaj xyuas koj cov ntawv sau.
- Cov ntawv sau yog ua raws li qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua tsawg dua, tab sis zoo dua. Xaiv tsuas yog cov lus tseeb uas koj tuaj yeem lees paub tseeb.
- Cov lus nug tsis qhia meej. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv muaj ntau haiv neeg ("Tsiaj nyob hauv lub vaj tsiaj. Koj xav li cas txog nws", "Cloning. Pros and cons", "Computer games. Pros and cons), kawm kom nthuav tawm koj li txoj hauj lwm.
- Koj sim ua yam koj tsis yog. Nco ntsoov sau cov ntawv sau hauv qab ntawm koj lub siab thiab tsuas yog hais qhov koj xav. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj thiaj li yuav raug lees txais los ua ib tus neeg.
