Txawm tias ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv, los ntawm lub sijhawm qub, ua tsaug rau kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv, kev kawm thiab kev sib tham txhua hnub, cov lus Lavxias suav nrog cov lus qiv. Tag nrho cov lus thiab stems, thiab tus kheej morphemes tuaj yeem qiv.
Qiv
Tsis muaj ib hom lus hauv ntiaj teb uas cov lus yuav raug txwv rau nws cov lus qub. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov lus "tsis yog tus kheej" nyob rau lub sijhawm keeb kwm sib txawv yog cov lus sib txawv. Turkisms, zoo li lwm yam kev qiv nyiaj, dhau mus rau hauv cov lus nrog sib txawv, cov txheej txheem no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si lus thiab lwm yam lus. Cov tom kawg suav nrog kev nom kev tswv, kab lis kev cai, thev naus laus zis, kev lag luam thiab hauv tsev.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm ntau yam, Lavxias niaj hnub muaj los ntawm 10 txog 35% ntawm cov lus qiv. Tag nrho cov lus no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj:
- Slavic (txog) qiv.
- Non-Slavic (txawv teb chaws)qiv.
Cov lus Turkism yog rau pawg thib ob. Kev qiv nyiaj tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm cov lus nquag lossis tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus. Qee zaum ib lo lus los ntawm lwm yam lus tuaj yeem hloov cov lus qub los ntawm cov lus tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, lo lus "nees" raug coj los ntawm Tatar, uas hloov lo lus "nees", uas tau los ua xim xim hauv Lavxias teb sab lus.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lo lus qhia txog qhov tseeb tshiab thiab tsis muaj cov lus piv txwv hauv cov lus tau txais, txoj hmoo ntawm kev qiv nyiaj ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm qhov khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim. Ib lo lus nrov heev ntawm Turkic keeb kwm "epancha" hnub no yog historicism. Kev hloov ntawm cov lus nquag mus rau ib qho passive yog qhov ntuj thiab muaj laj thawj thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg thiab lus.
Dhau los ntawm cov lus, kev qiv nyiaj tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke (ntawm qhov sib txawv) lossis nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm exoticisms (npe haiv neeg) thiab barbarisms (yam tsawg kawg yog hom qiv nyiaj).
Cov pab pawg uas suav nrog kev qiv nyiaj muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv, piv txwv li, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev xav txog cov lus qiv nyiaj Greek-Latin nplua nuj, thiab kev hloov pauv los ntawm German tau ntxiv rau kev tswj hwm, kev ua haujlwm thiab tub rog.. Turkisms nyob rau hauv Lavxias kuj muaj qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv feem ntau qiv. Feem ntau, cov lus no qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntsig txog lub neej niaj hnub. Qhov no tuaj yeem xav txoglawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Turkisms hauv Russian
Turkisms raug suav hais tias tsis yog cov lus uas tau qiv ncaj qha los ntawm cov lus Turkic, tab sis kuj yog cov uas tuaj rau hauv Lavxias lus tsis ncaj los ntawm lawv. Ntawd yog, lo lus thawj zaug dhau mus rau hauv Turkic los ntawm ib lossis lwm yam lus, thiab tom qab ntawd tau qiv mus rau Lavxias. Los yog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qee hom lus qiv ib lo lus ntawm Turkic keeb kwm, thiab tom qab ntawd nws dhau mus rau Lavxias. Yog li, nws yog kev cai hu txhua lo lus ntawm Turkic keeb kwm, tsis hais hom lus twg. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Turkisms tau dhau mus rau hauv cov lus Lavxias hauv 16th-17th centuries.
Rau qhov yooj yim ntawm kev kawm thiab systematization, qiv cov lus feem ntau muab faib. Kev faib ua pawg tuaj yeem ua raws li ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Rau cov lus, ib qho ntawm cov hauv paus yooj yim tshaj plaws rau kev faib tawm yog qhov cuam tshuam thematic. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li kev faib tawm ntawm Turkisms yog kev faib tawm hauv qab no:
- Lo lus rau khaub ncaws thiab khoom, khau thiab kaus mom: kapturok, kaptorga (buckle), astrakhan, pob taws.
- Lo lus naming cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsiaj: kapkara (hyena), karakurt.
- Cov lus hais txog lub ntiaj teb cog: khau khiab (cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg buttercup), mem hluav (me me aspen los yog birch tua).
- Lo lus hais txog kev ua liaj ua teb: astrakhan fur (forks with bent ends).
- Npe ntawm tus neeg los ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev sib raug zoosocial position: guard (watchman), kulak (neeg ua teb- tswv).
- Npe uas piav qhia txog tus neeg, suav nrog kev foom: baskak (tus txiv neej siab tawv).
- Lo lus naming vaj tse thiab lawv qhov chaw (ntauwd, guardhouse).
- Lo lus denoting ib feem ntawm lub cev (lub taub hau, stump).
- Lo lus rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev: kaptar (nplai).
- Ethnoyms (Bashkir, Karachai).
- Anthroponyms (Kablukov).
- Toponyms (Karaganda).
- Hydonyms (Fr. Karakul).
- Lwm cov lus sib txawv lub ntsiab lus: kultuk (kwj dej, bay, ravine).
Phonetic nta
Muaj ntau lub xov tooj uas siv tau los txheeb xyuas Turkisms hauv Lavxias. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog vowel harmony, uas yog, repetition ntawm tib lub suab nyob rau hauv ib lo lus. Xws li cov piv txwv ntawm Turkisms hauv Lavxias tuaj yeem yog cov lus pob zeb diamond, kab laum, cam khwb cia hlau, khau, hauv siab, thiab lwm yam. Lwm lub cim ntawm Turkic qiv yog qhov muaj -cha thiab -lyk ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lo lus: kalancha, locust, brocade, daim ntawv lo, bashlyk, shish kebab. Feem ntau qhov kawg -cha yog pom nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm thaj chaw.
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Turkisms hauv Lavxias lus hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 18th. Thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb muaj sia nyob tau los ntawm 1769. Phau ntawv xov xwm "Podenshina" nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo luam tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus uas zoo ib yam li cov lus ntawm ib co lus Eastern. Cov npe no suav nrog ob qho piv txwv ua tiav ntawm Turkisms hauv Lavxias (biryuk,nees, reed, hauv siab), nrog rau cov lus Lavxias uas yooj yim consonant nrog Turkic sawv daws yuav (hais, Lavxias teb sab "shchi" thiab Turkic "ashchi", uas txhais tau tias "ua noj").
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam lus ntawm Lavxias, suav nrog Turkic. Tab sis hmoov tsis, cov khoom siv lus tsawg heev tau txiav txim siab.
Phau ntawv txhais lus Etymological ntawm Oriental Lo Lus hauv European Lus, luam tawm xyoo 1927, kuj tsis ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem.
Ib qho kev pab cuam dav dav rau kev kawm ntawm Turkisms tau ua thaum muaj kev sib cav txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm F. E. Korsh thiab P. M. Melioransky txog qhov teeb meem ntawm Türkic qiv hauv cov ntawv nyeem "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw".
Xyoo 1958, kev ua haujlwm ntawm N. K. Dmitriev "Ntawm Turkic ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias Lavxias" tau luam tawm. Qhov no yog ib qho kev kawm zoo heev thiab ua tiav, uas tus kws sau ntawv muab ntau cov ntsiab lus, raws li qib kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Yog li, nws sau cov chav kawm ntawm Turkisms:
- nws keeb kwm tau lees paub los ntawm tus lej txaus;
- cov uas xav tau pov thawj ntxiv;
- cov neeg uas nws keeb kwm raug suav tias yog Turkic nkaus xwb.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tias Turkisms hauv cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub tseem tos rau lawv cov kws tshawb fawb, leej twg yuav tsim cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov lus qiv los ntawm cov lus sab hnub tuaj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tsis muaj cov lus xaus meej ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm Turkic qiv yog piav qhia los ntawm kev paub tsis zoo ntawm cov lus. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus Turkic. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus xwb, uas tsuas yog sau cov lus sau xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov lus hais, vim lawv cuam tshuam txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus. Tias yog vim li cas txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev kawm ntxiv ntawm cov lus Turkic raws li ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab ncaj qha nyob ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm dialectology ntawm cov lus Turkic.
Lexicographic piav qhia kev paub
Xyoo 1976, hauv Alma-Ata, "Cov Lus Txhais ntawm Turkisms hauv Lavxias" tau luam tawm los ntawm E. N. Shipova. Phau ntawv muaj txog 400 nplooj ntawv, uas muaj 2000 lexemes. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov phau ntawv txhais lus tau muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug systematic txoj kev kawm ntawm lub Turkisms ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, nws twb rov thuam. Linguists nco ntsoov tias nws muaj cov ntsiab lus uas tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj pov thawj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lo lus tau muab nrog cov lus tsis tseeb, txawm hais tias cov xwm txheej no tsis tshua muaj.
Lwm qhov tsis zoo ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus yog tias feem ntau ntawm cov lus hais hauv nws (kwv yees li 80%) yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov lus siv me me. Cov no yog cov lus siv tsis tau, hauv cheeb tsam lossis cov lus tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov lus siv tes ua.
Disputed origins
Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej pes tsawg tus Turkisms muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, vim hais tias cov kev xav ntawm linguists txawv ntawm ntau lo lus. Piv txwv li, N. A. Baskakov muab cov lus "pob", "gogol", "pie" thiab "troublemaker" rau Turkic keeb kwm, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo.
Ntau zaus thaum lub sijhawm rov tsim kho keeb kwm thiabCov kev tshawb fawb etymological tsim cov ntsiab lus tsis sib haum xeeb lossis tsis meej. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb xav paub seb lo lus "hearth" yog Turkism, ces thaum xa mus rau phau ntawv txhais lus, peb yuav pom qhov kev ntsuas tsis meej ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus. Yog li, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm V. I. Dahl lo lus no yog sau tias "Tatar.?", qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub compiler ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus tsis paub meej txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus thiab muab nws raws li kev xav. Hauv Fasmer's etymological phau ntawv txhais lus, lo lus tau muab nrog lub cim "kev qiv. los ntawm Turks. Dmitriev qhia tias cov Russians qiv lo lus "hearth" los ntawm Turks. Lwm cov phau ntawv txhais lus suav Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Teleut, Altai, Sagai thiab qee qhov lwm yam ua hom lus. Yog li, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj teb tau zoo rau cov lus nug ntawm seb lo lus tsev puas yog Turkism, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem qhia qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus. Uas coj peb rov qab mus rau qhov kev tshawb fawb etymological controversial.
Tab sis muaj rooj plaub thaum cov lus uas tsis yog Turkisms raug hla dhau li ntawd. Feem ntau etymological yuam kev nyob rau hauv relation mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm lexemes: lagoon, ox, hnab, troublemaker, hashish, beg, barberry, ladle, qus rosemary, herd, sausage, mess, colic, bergamot, kalach, saw mail, tag, buzz, quinoa, crucian carp, txiv qaub, hlaws dai, tub, cherry, txim txhaum cai, lighthouse, fur, fakir, aspen thiab ntau lwm tus. thiab lwm yam. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias lo lus " nag xob nag cua " kuj tsis yog Turkic keeb kwm. Tab sis kuj muaj ib qho kev tawm tswv yim tawm tsam txog lo lus no.
Qhov xwm txheej yog qhov nyuaj ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus Turkic, lawvlawv txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kos ciam teb ntawm tej yam lus nyob rau hauv lub Altaic macrofamily, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub teej tug ntawm ib co lus rau tsev neeg no.
Ua ntej Golden Horde
Kev hloov ntawm cov lus los ntawm ib hom lus mus rau lwm qhov yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov linguo-social cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib lub sij hawm keeb kwm.
Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Turkisms tau dhau mus rau hauv peb cov lus thaum lub sijhawm Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias tsis muaj lus sib cuag ua ntej nws. Thiab txawm hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm kev hloov pauv me me, lawv tseem muaj nyob. Ntawm cov Turkisms khaws cia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, qev nyob rau hauv lub pre-Mongolian lub sij hawm, ib tug muaj peev xwm npe xws li cov lus xws li tsev pheeb suab ntaub, pearls, nees, laib, boyar, nkoj, mlom, chamber, horde, hero, lub tuam tsev, san, koumiss, hlaws dai.. Linguists txawv ntawm qee cov lus no. Yog li, lo lus "dub" raug suav hais tias los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb los ua Iranian, thiab qee qhov - Turkic. Bulgar keeb kwm yog ntaus nqi los ntawm ntau lo lus.
Lub sijhawm ntawm Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Golden Horde, ntau lo lus hais txog kev sib txawv ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm nkag mus rau lus Lavxias. Ntawm lawv, tsis yog cov npe tsev neeg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov lus ua haujlwm rau kev lag luam, xeev thiab tub rog. Ntawm cov qiv nyiaj ntsig txog lub neej niaj hnub, ib tus tuaj yeem, dhau los, paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau pawg thematic lexical:
- construction (cib, shack, tin);
- jewelry (pob ntseg, emerald, pob zeb diamond);
- khaub ncaws thiab khau (hnav khaub ncaws, daim ntaub thaiv, khau, khau, kaus mom, caftan);
- ntaub (nplua calico, satin, braid, calico);
- khoom siv hauv tsev (hauv siab, tub, iav);
- natural phenomena (nag xob nag cua, huab cua), thiab lwm yam.
khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej haus (braga, rhubarb, buza, dib);
Vim 16th century
Lub ncov tom ntej ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Turkisms hauv Lavxias poob rau 16th-17th centuries. Qhov no yog vim qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Ottoman Empire. Nws tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 18th, txij li txawm tias nyob rau hauv Petrine era muaj kev qiv nyiaj los ntawm cov lus Turkic (piv txwv li: plooj (porcelain, taub hau, cwj mem, qhov tsis zoo).
Dhau li ntawd, tom qab kov yeej Siberia, muaj lwm qhov qiv nyiaj. Qhov no siv tau ntau dua rau cov npe (Altai, Yenisei) thiab qhov tseeb hauv zos (chipmunk).
mess thiab ntau lwm tus.
Qee zaum nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm ib lo lus txawm tias kwv yees li. Cov qiv nyiaj xws li, piv txwv li, lo lus "babai".
Qee yam piv txwv
Cov txheeb ze tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau lo lus nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig lus. Lawv cov keeb kwm Turkic feem ntau lees txais. Cov lus no suav nrog, piv txwv li:
- arshin;
- khoom noj khoom haus;
- ruam;
- hood (hood);
- tower;
- kub eagle;
- blizzard;
- felt;
- sofa;
- jumble;
- dab;
- Adas txiv;
- border;
- karapuz;
- pocket;
- quiver;
- fist;
- pob;
- kumach;
- mess;
- sash;
- lula kebab;
- Murza (tus tub huabtais);
- sofa;
- braid;
- sheepskin tsho;
- skullcap;
- bale;
- tyutyun (tobacco);
- ghoul;
- cheers;
- robe;
- persimmon;
- chumichka (dale), thiab lwm yam.
Tsis tas li, ntau lub npe anthroponyms yog los ntawm Turkic keeb kwm. Xws li etymology yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no lub npe: Akchurin, Baskak, Baskakov, Bash, Bashkin, Bashkirtsev, Bashmak, Bashmakov, Karaev, Karamazov, Karamzin, Karamyshev, Karaul, Karaulov, Karacheev, Kozhev, Kozhevnikov, Kulashakov, thiab lwm yam..
Tseem muaj ntau cov Turkisms ntawm cov npe: Bashbashi, Bashevo, Kapka, Karabash, Karabekaul, Karabulyak, Karadag, Karakul, Karakum, Karatau, Kara-Tyube, Karachaevsk, Kultuk, Kultuki thiab ntau lwm tus. Lwm yam
Qee cov lus hais los ntawm cov lus Turkic: Basbulak, Bastau, Bashevka, Kara-Bogaz-gol, Karadarya, Karatal, Kara-chekrak, Tuag Kultuk thiab lwm yam.
