Dab tsi yog qhov polymerization ntawm propylene? Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog dab tsi? Cia peb sim nrhiav cov lus teb kom ntxaws rau cov lus nug no.
yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas
Ethylene thiab propylene polymerization cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv ua kom pom cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm chav kawm olefin muaj. Cov chav kawm no tau txais lub npe txawv txawv los ntawm lub npe qub ntawm cov roj siv hauv kev tsim tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, ethylene chloride tau txais, uas yog cov kua roj oily.
Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, peb nco ntsoov tias muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus ob zaug hauv lawv.
Cov radical polymerization ntawm propylene tau piav qhia meej los ntawm qhov muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom.
General formula
Rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm homologous series ntawm alkenes, cov qauv dav dav muaj daim ntawv СpН2p. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm hydrogens hauv cov qauv piav qhia qhov peculiarity ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov hydrocarbons.
Propylene polymerization cov lus sib npaugyog qhov kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawg hauv qhov kev sib txuas thaum siv qhov kub thiab txias thiab lub catalyst.
Cov unsaturated radical hu ua allyl lossis propenyl-2. Vim li cas polymerize propylene? Cov khoom ntawm qhov kev sib cuam tshuam no yog siv los ua cov roj hmab hluavtaws, uas, dhau los, yog qhov xav tau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj niaj hnub no.
Lub cev muaj zog
Qhov sib npaug propylene polymerization lees paub tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub cev ntawm cov khoom no. Propylene yog ib yam khoom uas muaj roj tsawg thiab cov ntsiab lus melting. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm alken no muaj me ntsis solubility hauv dej.
tshuaj muaj zog
Cov kev sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov polymerization ntawm propylene thiab isobutylene qhia tias cov txheej txheem ua tiav los ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus. Alkenes ua raws li monomers, thiab cov khoom kawg ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yuav yog polypropylene thiab polyisobutylene. Nws yog cov pa roj carbon-carbon daim ntawv cog lus uas yuav raug rhuav tshem thaum muaj kev sib cuam tshuam, thiab thaum kawg cov qauv sib raug zoo yuav raug tsim.
Thaum ob daim ntawv cog lus, cov ntawv cog lus yooj yim tshiab tau tsim. Lub polymerization ntawm propylene ua li cas? Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem no zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Propylene polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj ntau yam kev xaivxau. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub gas theem. Raws li qhov kev xaiv thib ob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim hauv cov kua theem.
Ntxiv rau, cov polymerization ntawm propylene kuj tseem ua raws li qee cov txheej txheem dhau los uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov kua dej saturated hydrocarbon ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab.
Polymerization ntawm propylene hauv ntau siv Spheripol thev naus laus zis yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov slurry reactor rau kev tsim cov homopolymers. Cov txheej txheem suav nrog kev siv roj-theem reactor nrog lub txaj pseudo-kua los tsim thaiv copolymer. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv propylene polymerization koom nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov catalysts ntxiv rau lub cuab yeej, nrog rau ua ntej-polymerization.
txheej txheem nta
Lub thev naus laus zis suav nrog kev sib xyaw cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tsim los rau kev hloov pauv ua ntej. Ntxiv mus, qhov sib tov no ntxiv rau lub voj polymerization reactors, qhov twg ob qho tib si hydrogen thiab siv propylene nkag mus.
Reactors ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 65 txog 80 degrees Celsius. Lub siab nyob rau hauv lub system tsis pub tshaj 40 bar. Cov reactors, uas yog teem rau hauv series, yog siv nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag tsim rau high-volume zus tau tej cov khoom polymer.
Cov tshuaj polymer raug tshem tawm ntawm lub reactor thib ob. Lub polymerization ntawm propylene suav nrog kev hloov cov tshuaj mus rau lub zog degasser. Ntawm no, kev tshem tawm cov hmoov homopolymer los ntawm cov kua monomer yog nqa tawm.
Kev tsim cov block copolymer
Propylene polymerization equation CH2 =CH - CH3 nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej no muaj cov txheej txheem ntws, muaj qhov sib txawv tsuas yog hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Ua ke nrog propylene thiab ethene, cov hmoov los ntawm degasser mus rau lub roj-theem reactor ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub ntawm li 70 degrees Celsius thiab lub siab tsis tshaj 15 bar.
Lub thaiv copolymers, tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm lub reactor, nkag mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb system rau tshem tawm cov polymer hmoov los ntawm lub monomer.
Polymerization ntawm propylene thiab cuam tshuam-resistant butadienes tso cai rau siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob thib ob. Nws tso cai rau koj kom nce qib ntawm propylene hauv cov polymer. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv cov additives rau cov khoom tiav, kev siv granulation, uas txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom.
Kev tshwj xeeb ntawm polymerization ntawm alkenes
Muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov polyethylene thiab polypropylene. Qhov sib npaug ntawm propylene polymerization ua rau nws pom tseeb tias qhov txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog npaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov sib txawv muaj nyob rau theem kawg ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, nrog rau cov khoom siv kawg.
Peroxide yog siv rau cov resins uas muaj rheological zoo heev. Lawv muaj qhov nce qib ntawm yaj ntws, zoo ib yam li lub cev muaj zog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj tus nqi qis.
Resin,muaj cov khoom zoo rheological, yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem txhaj tshuaj molding, nrog rau kev tsim cov fibers.
Txhawm rau kom cov pob tshab thiab lub zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymeric, cov tuam ntxhab sim ntxiv cov khoom siv crystallizing tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov. Ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab polypropylene tau maj mam hloov los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev tshuab molding thiab casting.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm polymerization
Polymerization ntawm propylene nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm activated carbon ua sai dua. Tam sim no, lub catalytic complex ntawm carbon nrog ib tug hloov pauv hlau yog siv, raws li nyob rau hauv adsorption muaj peev xwm ntawm carbon. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm polymerization yog ib yam khoom uas muaj kev ua tau zoo heev.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem polymerization yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau qhov hnyav molecular thiab stereoisomeric muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov polymer. Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov catalyst, qhov nruab nrab polymerization, qib ntawm purity ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tseem ceeb.
Ib txoj kab hluav taws xob tau txais ob qho tib si hauv homogeneous thiab nyob rau theem heterogeneous, thaum nws los txog rau ethylene. Qhov laj thawj yog qhov tsis muaj spatial isomers hauv cov khoom no. Kom tau txais isotactic polypropylene, lawv sim siv cov khoom titanium chlorides, nrog rau cov organoaluminum compounds.
Thaum siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm crystalline titanium chloride (3), nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom lag luam nrog cov yam ntxwv xav tau. Qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm kev txhawb nqa lattice tsis yog qhov txaus raunrhiav tau ntawm siab stereospecificity los ntawm cov catalyst. Piv txwv li, yog xaiv titanium iodide (3), ntau atactic polymer yog tau.
Cov khoom suav hais tias catalytic muaj cov cim Lewis, yog li ntawd, lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev xaiv ntawm nruab nrab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws nruab nrab yog siv cov inert hydrocarbons. Txij li thaum titanium (5) chloride yog ib qho active adsorbent, aliphatic hydrocarbons feem ntau xaiv. Lub polymerization ntawm propylene ua li cas? Cov khoom formula yog (-CH2-CH2-CH2-)p. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv algorithm nws tus kheej zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv lwm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm homologous series.
Tshuaj lom neeg
Cia peb txheeb xyuas cov kev sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau propylene. Xav tias muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv nws cov qauv, cov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tau ua tiav nrog nws txoj kev puas tsuaj.
Halogenation pib ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub rupture ntawm complex daim ntawv cog lus, unhindered ntxiv ntawm halogen tshwm sim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no, ib qho dihalogenated compound yog tsim. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog iodization. Bromination thiab chlorination tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev mob ntxiv thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob. Propylene fluorination yog tawg.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation cuam tshuam nrog kev siv lub tshuab nrawm ntxiv. Platinum thiab npib tsib xee ua cov catalyst. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm propylene nrog hydrogen, propane yog tsim - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm saturated hydrocarbons.
Hydration (dej ntxiv)ua raws li txoj cai ntawm V. V. Markovnikov. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog txuas cov hydrogen atom rau ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm propylene, uas muaj nws qhov nyiaj siab tshaj. Hauv qhov no, halogen yuav txuas rau C, uas muaj tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm hydrogen.
Propylene yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txuas hauv cov pa oxygen. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no, ob yam khoom tseem ceeb yuav tau txais: carbon dioxide, dej vapor.
Thaum cov tshuaj no raug rau cov oxidizing muaj zog, xws li poov tshuaj permanganate, nws cov xim yog pom. Ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yog ib tug dihydric cawv (glycol).
YPropylene ntau lawm
Txhua txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj: chav kuaj, kev lag luam. Raws li kev kuaj mob, propylene tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev faib tawm hydrogen halide los ntawm thawj haloalkyl los ntawm kev nthuav tawm lawv rau cov kua dej cawv ntawm sodium hydroxide.
Propylene yog tsim los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation ntawm propyne. Raws li kev kuaj mob, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tau los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm propanol-1. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj no, phosphoric lossis sulfuric acid, aluminium oxide yog siv los ua catalysts.
Yuav ua li cas propylene tsim nyob rau hauv loj ntim? Vim lub fact tias cov tshuaj no yog tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj kev xaiv rau nws ntau lawm tau tsim. Feem ntau yog kev sib cais ntawm alkene los ntawm cov khoom siv roj av.
Piv txwv li, roj crude yog tawg nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb fluidized txaj. Propylene yog tau los ntawm pyrolysis ntawm cov roj av feem. ATtam sim no, alkene tseem raug cais tawm los ntawm cov pa roj sib txuas, cov khoom siv roj av ntawm cov thee coking.
Muaj ntau yam kev xaiv rau propylene pyrolysis:
- nyob rau hauv tube furnaces;
- hauv lub reactor siv lub quartz coolant;
- Lavrovsky txheej txheem;
- autothermal pyrolysis raws li txoj kev Barthlome.
Ntawm cov pov thawj kev lag luam thev naus laus zis, catalytic dehydrogenation ntawm saturated hydrocarbons yuav tsum tau sau tseg.
Daim ntawv thov
Propylene muaj ntau yam kev siv, thiab yog li ntawd yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam loj. Qhov no unsaturated hydrocarbon tshuav nws cov tsos rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Natta. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nws tau tsim cov tshuab polymerization siv Ziegler catalytic system.
Natta tau txais cov khoom lag luam tsis tu ncua, uas nws hu ua isotactic, txij li hauv cov qauv methyl pawg tau nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm cov saw hlau. Vim yog hom "packaging" ntawm cov khoom siv polymer, cov khoom polymer uas tau muaj muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev. Polypropylene yog siv los ua hluavtaws fibers, thiab yog nyob rau hauv kev thov raws li ib tug yas loj.
Kwv yees li kaum feem pua ntawm cov roj av propylene yog siv los tsim nws cov oxide. Kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov organic no tau txais los ntawm txoj kev chlorohydrin. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm propylene chlorohydrin. Cov thev naus laus zis no muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov tshuaj chlorine kim thiab slaked txiv qaub.
Nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, lub tshuab no tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem chalcone. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuam tshuaj ntawm propene nrog hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide yog siv nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm propylene glycol, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm polyurethane foams. Pom tau tias yog cov ntaub ntawv cushioning zoo heev, lawv tau siv los ua cov ntim khoom, ntaub pua plag, rooj tog zaum, cov ntaub ntawv thermal rwb thaiv tsev, cov dej nqus dej thiab cov ntaub ntawv lim.
Ntxiv rau, ntawm cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb ntawm propylene, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais txog kev sib xyaw ntawm acetone thiab isopropyl cawv. Isopropyl cawv, ua cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev, suav tias yog cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov khoom organic no tau txais los ntawm txoj kev sulfuric acid.
Ntxiv rau, thev naus laus zis ntawm propene ncaj qha hydration nrog kev qhia cov kua qaub catalysts rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov tau tsim. Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov propanol tsim yog siv rau kev sib txuas ntawm acetone. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no suav nrog kev tshem tawm hydrogen, yog ua tiav ntawm 380 degrees Celsius. Cov catalysts hauv cov txheej txheem no yog zinc thiab tooj liab.
Ntawm cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm propylene, hydroformylation nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Propene yog siv los tsim aldehydes. Oxysynthesis tau siv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv petrochemistry. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm propylene nrog cov roj synthesis (kev sib xyaw ntawm carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen) ntawm qhov kub ntawm 180 degrees, cob alt oxide catalyst thiab lub siab ntawm 250 atmospheres, kev tsim ntawm ob aldehydes tau pom. Ib tug muaj ib tug qauv, lub thib ob muaj ib tug nkhauscarbon saw.
Tam sim tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis no, nws yog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no uas tau los ua qhov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Lawv tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev los ua kom cov xwm txheej ntawm nws cov dej ntws, sim txo qhov feem pua ntawm cov ceg ntoo aldehyde hauv qhov sib xyaw ua ke.
Rau qhov no, cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tau tsim tawm uas koom nrog kev siv lwm cov catalysts. Nws tuaj yeem txo qhov kub thiab txias, siab, nce cov txiaj ntsig ntawm linear aldehyde.
Esters ntawm acrylic acid, uas yog txuam nrog cov polymerization ntawm propylene, yog siv los ua copolymer. Kwv yees li 15 feem pua ntawm cov petrochemical propene yog siv los ua cov khoom pib los tsim acronitrile. Cov khoom siv organic no tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj fiber ntau - nitron, tsim cov yas, tsim cov roj hmab.
Zoo kawg
Polypropylene tam sim no suav tias yog kev lag luam petrochemical loj tshaj plaws. Qhov kev thov rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig polymer no loj hlob, yog li nws maj mam hloov polyethylene. Nws yog indispensable nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm nruj ntim, daim hlau, zaj duab xis, automotive qhov chaw, hluavtaws ntawv, hlua, ntaub pua plag, raws li zoo raws li rau cov creation ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev tsim cov polypropylene nyob rau qib thib ob hauv kev lag luam polymer. Ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom loj ntawm propylene thiab ethylene yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau yav tom ntej.
